köken: From Middle High German arc, from Old High German arg. Compare Hunsrik aarich, Pennsylvania German arrig, Central Franconian ärch, and Dutch erg. Also etymologically linked is English eerie.
köken: Inherited from Old East Slavic жестъкъ (žestŭkŭ), from Proto-Slavic *žestъkъ. Cognate to Old Church Slavonic жестъ (žestŭ, “hard”), жестѣти (žestěti, “to harden”). Also related to жесто́кий (žestókij, “cruel”).
to be rough or coarse in texture · to be rough or coarse in manner · to be wild or desolate
köken: First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459. as Middle Korean 거츨다 (kechulta), from reconstructed Old Korean *kechil- (*kechil-), hypothesized on the evidence of proper noun alternation in the twelfth-century history Samguk sagi where the phonogramic sequence 居柒 (*kɨʌ t͡sʰiɪt̚) alternates with the logogram 萊 (“uncultivated”) in the names of places and individuals.
harsh, rough, rugged · harsh, difficult (of a situation)
çekim: karşılaştırma kärvare · üstünlük kärvast
köken: From Old Norse þjarfr, from Proto-Germanic *þerbaz. Arguably related, more distantly, to Icelandic stjarfi (“tetanus”), German sterben (“to die”), Russian терпкий (terpkij, “astringent, tart, acerbic”).
tart, sour, acid (not too sour but sharp to the taste, like an unripe apple) · wry (smile), dry (sense of humor)
çekim: karşılaştırma fanyarabb · üstünlük legfanyarabb
köken: Back-formation from fanyarog, a variant of fanyalog (“to sniff, to be dismissive or contemptuous of something with a glum, unenthusiastic face”).
rough, harsh, uneven, rugged (having an irregular, not smooth, harsh surface) · rough (not soft) · hard, coarse, not soft
çekim: karşılaştırma raupjāks · üstünlük visraupjākais
eş: ass, negluds, rupjš, ciets
zıt: gluds, maigs, mīksts
köken: From an earlier adjective *raupus (yielding two parallel forms, a yo-stem form that became standard raupjš and an o-stem form that yielded the archaic noun raups), from the o-grade form *roup- of Proto-Indo-European *reup-, *rūp-, *rup- (“to pull, to tear, to break”) (from the *rup- form comes the adjective rupjš, q.v.), from the stem *reu- (“to peel, to pluck, to dig”). The semantic evolution…
From Latin asperum (“rough”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂esp- (“to cut”). Compare Spanish and Portuguese áspero (“rough”), French âpre, Romanian aspru.