köken: Inherited from Latin bubulcus (“herdsman”). For the /-f-/, compare gufo < būbō (“owl”), bufalo < būbalus (“buffalo”), and also tartufo < terrae tūber. Osco-Umbrian origin has been proposed, which might also explain the /-i-/: compare Volscian bim (“ox”).
donkey, ass (Equus asinus) · donkey, stupid person
çekim: çoğul aasit · tamlayan aasin
köken: Borrowed from Old Swedish asne or asni (Swedish åsna), from Old French asne, from Latin asinus. Attested since the time of Mikael Agricola (output c. 1543–1552).
köken: From Proto-Italic *gʷordos (“stubborn, heavy”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʷr̥dos, variant of *gʷrd-u- (“slow, heavy, tired”), though De Vaan acknowledges that the cognates point to a u-stem instead of an o-stem as in Latin. The PIE root is also uncertain. Quintilian called it a "Spanish" (possibly Iberian) word. Compare Lithuanian gurdùs, Latvian gur̃ds (“tired”), Proto-Slavic *gъ̑rdъ…
aile: gurdōnicus
Item in Cacomnemone: Hic est (inquit) ille gurdus, quem ego me abhinc menses duos ex Africa venientem excepisse tibi narravi.
Et gurdos, quos pro stolidis accipit vulgus, ex Hispania duxisse originem audivi.
rough, harsh, uneven, rugged (having an irregular, not smooth, harsh surface) · rough (not soft) · hard, coarse, not soft
çekim: karşılaştırma raupjāks · üstünlük visraupjākais
eş: ass, negluds, rupjš, ciets
zıt: gluds, maigs, mīksts
köken: From an earlier adjective *raupus (yielding two parallel forms, a yo-stem form that became standard raupjš and an o-stem form that yielded the archaic noun raups), from the o-grade form *roup- of Proto-Indo-European *reup-, *rūp-, *rup- (“to pull, to tear, to break”) (from the *rup- form comes the adjective rupjš, q.v.), from the stem *reu- (“to peel, to pluck, to dig”). The semantic evolution…