to be allowed (to do something); to be permitted (to do something); may · to be allowed or permitted to do something implied or previously stated; may · expresses a prediction with mild doubt, that something is estimated or probable
çekim: geçmiş durfte · ortaç gedurft · şimdiki darf · ulaç dürfend
eş: können
köken: From Middle High German durfen, dürfen, from Old High German durfan, from Proto-West Germanic *þurban, cognate with Ancient Greek τέρπω (térpō, “I delight, please”), English tharf. See können for the origin of the historically unexpected umlaut.
köken: Inherited from Old East Slavic бꙑти (byti), from Proto-Slavic *byti, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *bū́ˀtei. Cognate with Ukrainian бути (buty), Belarusian быць (bycʹ), Polish być. Other cognates include Sanskrit भू (bhū, “to be”), Latin futūrus, and English be. The present forms are suppletive, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti.
wine · must (unfermented or partially fermented grape juice or wine)
köken: From Middle Persian bʾtk' (bādag, “wine, must”) (cognate to Khotanese [script needed] (bātaa, “wine; must”), Talysh boə (“date-plum (or grape) syrup; must”)), from Old Persian *bātah, most likely from Akkadian 𒁀𒂅𒌑 (baṭû, “tray, platter; mixing container, bowl for liquids; wine jar, pitcher”), from earlier Akkadian 𒁀𒋾𒌝 (baṭium, “vessel, basin, place to hold; tray, platter”). Cognate to Arabic…
should (indicates that an action is considered by the speaker to be obligatory) · ought (indicates that the subject of the sentence has some obligation to execute the sentence predicate.) · will likely (indicates that the subject of the sentence is likely to execute the sentence predicate.)
çekim: geçmiş devi · ortaç devido · şimdiki deve
köken: From Old Galician-Portuguese dever, from Latin dēbēre (“to owe”).
A general future speculative suffix; it attaches directly to the stem, including the honorific -으시- (-eusi-), and precedes another verbal suffix. · will, may: A suffix denoting guess or assumption of varied possibility. · will, would: A suffix indicating an indirect polite proposal with some degree of future supposition.
köken: Contraction of older and synonymous 게 하였 (-ge ha-yeot-), 게 ᄒᆞ엿 (Yale: -key hoy-es-) in historical spelling. 게 ᄒᆞ엿 (Yale: -key hoy-es-) has been used with future meaning since the late sixteenth century. In Modern Korean, 게 하였 (-ge ha-yeot-) most literally means "caused [one] to [VERB]", e.g. 먹게 하였다 (meok-ge ha-yeot--da, “[I] made [him] eat”). Hence, there are multiple theories with regards to the…
köken: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *leyp-der. Proto-Slavic *lьnǫtideverb. Proto-Slavic *lěpъ Proto-Slavic *lěpъ Proto-Indo-European *-yōs Proto-Slavic *-jьjь Proto-Slavic *lěpe Old Polish lepiej Polish lepiej Inherited from Old Polish lepiej. In noun sense 1 coined by Polish literary scholar and translator Michał Rusinek.
Lepiej się już zbieraj, bo spóźnisz się na pociąg.
Już lepiej się pouczmy do tej klasówki, bo znowu oblejemy.
to be heard/audible · to be said · used to refer to the state of one's life or affairs
çekim: geçmiş kuulunut · şimdiki kuuluu · ulaç kuuluva
köken: From Proto-Finnic *kuuludak. Equivalent to kuulla (“to hear”) + -ua (passive verb). * (to belong; to concern): According to Hakulinen, these abstract senses are a semantic loan from Swedish höra, tillhöra, itself a semantic loan from Middle High German hœrec (“obedient; (literally) one who hears”) (see German hörig, gehören for more).
aile: kuuluisa, kuulumaton, kuuluminen, kuulustuttaa, kuuluttaa, kuuluva, mitä kuuluu, peninkulma
Tämän talon seinät ovat niin ohuet, että naapurin riidat kuuluvat olohuoneessamme.
to owe something, to be under obligation to and for something · to be bound, in duty bound to do something; "ought", "must", "should" · to be owed, to be due (when in passive voice)
çekim: ortaç dēbitus · şimdiki dēbet · ulaç dēbēns
eş: cogo, decet, necesse est, oportet, opus est, par est
köken: Contraction of *dēhibeō, from dē- + habeō (“have”), though "I hold away (from someone)". See the same contraction in dēbilis. Compare the later formed dēhabeō.
aile: dēbitiō, dēbitor, dēbitrix, dēbitum
(passive voice of obligō only)
… nēmō sē iūdicet quicquam dēbēre quī tempus accēpit, cum interim hoc ūnum est quod nē grātus quidem potest reddere.
çekim: geçmiş burdet · ortaç burdet · ulaç burdende
köken: From Old Norse byrja (“to begin”), from Proto-Germanic *burjaną (“to lift”). Doublet of børje. The Old Norse verb is also construed with an infinitive subject in the sense "it is proper". In Modern Danish and Swedish, the verb has a personal subject and an infinitive as the object. The original Danish infinitive børe (cf. also Swedish böra) has been replaced by the past tense form burde…