köken: From Latin austērus (“dry, harsh, sour, tart”), from Ancient Greek αὐστηρός (austērós, “bitter, harsh”), having the specific meaning "making the tongue dry" (originally used of fruits, wines), related to αὔω (aúō, “to singe”), αὖος (aûos, “dry”).
köken: Inherited from Old East Slavic жестъкъ (žestŭkŭ), from Proto-Slavic *žestъkъ. Cognate to Old Church Slavonic жестъ (žestŭ, “hard”), жестѣти (žestěti, “to harden”). Also related to жесто́кий (žestókij, “cruel”).
hard (resistant to pressure; not soft) · hard (difficult; not easy) · unrelenting, unfriendly, severe, brutal, harsh
çekim: karşılaştırma mais duro · üstünlük o mais duro
eş: esgrêvio, rígido
köken: From Old Galician-Portuguese duro, from Latin dūrus, from Proto-Italic *dūros, from Proto-Indo-European *duh₂-ró-s (“long”), from *dweh₂- (“far, long”). Cognate with Ancient Greek δηρός (dērós, “long”), Sanskrit दूर (dūrá, “distant, far, long”).
aile: duramente
No mais duro pau d'espinho / Nasce uma rosa fragrante, / Quem não tem peito valoroso / Não conquista a lei de amante.
— Ah, meu senhor grande, — lamentava-se o mísero, — como é duro ser escravo!
Don Beeito, home duro, / foi beijar pelo obscuro / a mia senhor.
köken: Originally from regular classical adjective 厳し (kibishi, “tight, close, without gaps”), first cited to roughly 830. This earlier form later shifted conjugation patterns, from the so-called "-ku adjective" to the "-shiku adjective" pattern. The two conjugation types appear to have been in broadly free variation, with both forms developing the strict; severe senses in parallel. Historically, while…
severe, stern, austere, strict, dour, harsh · synonym of wielki
çekim: karşılaştırma sroższy · üstünlük najsroższy
eş: okrutny, luty
köken: Etymology tree Proto-Slavic *strogъ Old Polish srogi Polish srogi Inherited from Old Polish srogi, from Proto-Slavic *strogъ. The Proto-Slavic form possibly could have been *sorgъ.
harsh, hard, strict, stern [with allative ‘to’ or (partitive +) kohtaan] (of a person or character, etc.) · harsh, sharp, fierce (e.g. of the weather, such as winter weather) · barren, austere, desolate (of a place, e.g. of a landscape)
çekim: karşılaştırma ankarampi · üstünlük ankarin
eş: kova, kova
zıt: lempeä
köken: Borrowed from Proto-Norse [Term?], from Proto-Germanic *angazaz (compare English anger, Swedish ånger). Cognate with Karelian ankara.
firm, strong, rigid (capable of resisting the actions of mechanical forces without harm or change) · firm, strong, sturdy (having much strength; physically well developed, not weak, not brittle) · firm, strong (done, happening with energy, strength; affecting (something else) strongly)
çekim: karşılaştırma stingrāks · üstünlük visstingrākais
eş: spēcīgs, stiprs
köken: From the same stem as the verb stingt (“to harden, to stiffen”) (q.v.), with an extra (adjectivizing?) r. A parallel form without the r yielded stings (“stiff, numb”). Cognates include Lithuanian stiñgras (“firm, strict”), stingrùs, sti̇̀ngrus (“rigid, stiff, numb; hard, solid; strained; heavy”). The verb stiñgt (“to stiffen”) is cognate with Lithuanian sti̇̀ngti (“id.”). According to Karulis,…