arduous, laborious, strenuous, toilsome (requiring great effort, hard work) · painstaking (of work: requiring careful and effortful attention to detail)
eş: κοπιαστικός, επίμοχθος
köken: Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ἐπίπονος (epíponos). By surface analysis, επί- (epí-) + πόνος (pónos).
köken: From Old Japanese. First cited to the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE, and likely extant earlier as the intransitive verb 苦しむ (kurushimu, “to suffer, to be stressed out”) was first cited to the Kojiki of 712 CE. Analyzable as a compound of bound morpheme ⟨kuru-⟩ (indicates stress or temper) + ⟨-si⟩ (adjectivizing suffix, gives object the possession of the adjective's quality), ultimately from Proto-Japonic…
harsh, hard, strict, stern [with allative ‘to’ or (partitive +) kohtaan] (of a person or character, etc.) · harsh, sharp, fierce (e.g. of the weather, such as winter weather) · barren, austere, desolate (of a place, e.g. of a landscape)
çekim: karşılaştırma ankarampi · üstünlük ankarin
eş: kova, kova
zıt: lempeä
köken: Borrowed from Proto-Norse [Term?], from Proto-Germanic *angazaz (compare English anger, Swedish ånger). Cognate with Karelian ankara.