köken: From the classical verb 冷ゆ (hiyu). Development Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下(しも)二(に)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下(しも)一(いち)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.
köken: First attested in the Jīlín lèishì (鷄林類事 / 계림유사), 1103, as Late Old Korean 時根 (Yale: *sìk-ún), in the gerund form. In the hangul script, first attested in the Gugeupganibang eonhae (救急簡易方諺解 / 구급간이방언해), 1489, as Middle Korean 식다〮 (Yale: sìk-tá). Compare Manchu ᠰᡳᠩᡴᡝᠶᡝᠨ (singkeyen, “to be cold, chilly”).
to temper, to harden (metal) · to make strong, durable, firm
çekim: geçmiş гарто́ваний · şimdiki гарту́є
köken: Inherited from Old Ruthenian гартовати (hartovati), from Middle Polish hartować, further borrowed from German härten, from hart. By surface analysis, гарт (hart) + -ува́ти (-uváty).
to cool (make colder) · to cool (become cool) · to catch a cold
çekim: geçmiş răcit · ortaç răcit · şimdiki răcește
köken: From rece. Compare Aromanian arãtsescu, arãtsiri; cf. also Spanish arrecir(se) (“to become numb due to cold”), which, however, may be unrelated.
köken: Etymology tree Latin algeō Proto-Indo-European *-os Proto-Indo-European *-s Proto-Indo-European *-ōs Proto-Italic *-ōs Latin -or Latin algor From algeō (“to be, feel cold”) + -or.