köken: From gruppe + -el or denominative from gruppelen, both obsolete, ultimately related to Proto-Germanic *grabaną (“to dig”). The vocalism is originally Flemish.
köken: From Byzantine Greek αὐλάκιν (aulákin), from Koine Greek αὐλάκιον (aulákion), from a diminutive of Ancient Greek αὖλαξ (aûlax, “furrow”) (→ αύλακα (ávlaka)).
köken: Of native Korean origin. From Early Modern Korean 돌앙 (twolang), 돌항 (twolhang), from 돓 (twolh, “id.”) + -앙 (-ang, diminutive suffix). First attested in the 18th century.
köken: From a Turkic language. Compare Turkish arık (“irrigation ditch”),⁽ᵗʳ⁾ Uyghur ئېرىق (ëriq), and Kyrgyz арык (arık).⁽ᵏʸ⁾ As a wanderword, its cognates occur in other languages, such as Persian [script needed] (arīq), West Circassian арыкъ (arəq), and Russian арык (aryk)⁽ʳᵘ⁾.
köken: From Old Norse grǫf, gröf, from Proto-Germanic *grabą, *grabō (“grave, trench, ditch”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrābʰ- (“to dig, scratch, scrape”). Compare Norwegian and Swedish grav, Icelandic gröf, English grave, West Frisian grêf, Low German Graf, Graff, Dutch graf, German Grab.
köken: Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 港 (SV: cảng). For the vowel correspondence, compare nam vs. nôm (“South”), nạp vs. nộp (“to hand in”), hạp vs. hộp (“box”).
aile: cầu cống, chuột cống, cống rãnh, đường cống, ống cống