köken: Inherited from Middle French amoureux, from Old French amoreus, amereus, from Vulgar Latin *amōrōsus, derived from Latin amōrem (“love”, noun). Compare English amorous, borrowed from Middle French. Doublet of amoroso, borrowed from Italian.
friend, mate, pal, companion · rafiq (a rank in the order of the assassins, below da'i) · comrade (fellow socialist, communist or other very politically leftist person)
köken: From Middle Dutch kerel, carel, caerl, kerl, from Old Dutch *karl, *karal, *keril, from Proto-West Germanic *karil, from Proto-Germanic *karilaz. Cognate with German Kerl, Dutch Low Saxon keerl, West Frisian tsjirl, English churl, Danish karl.
köken: From chłop + -ak. Originally from the Mazovian dialect, as there is a tendency to use the suffix -ak instead of -ę to create young nouns (compare Polish dziecię vs Polish dzieciak, źrebię vs źrebak). First attested in 1731.
köken: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *ǵews- Proto-Indo-European *ǵéws-tōr ~ *ǵus-tr-és Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́awštā́ Proto-Iranian *jawštā́ Old Persian 𐎭𐎢𐏁𐎫𐎠 (d-u-š-t-a /dauštā/) Middle Persian 𐭣𐭥𐭮𐭲𐭩 (dwst' /dōst/) Classical Persian دوسْت (dōst)bor. Hindi दोस्त Borrowed from Classical Persian دوسْت (dōst), from Middle Persian 𐭣𐭥𐭮𐭲𐭩 (dwst' /dōst/), from Old Persian 𐎭𐎢𐏁𐎫𐎠 (d-u-š-t-a…
köken: Either a loan from Yiddish חבֿר (khaver, “friend, boyfriend”), or a blend of kamraati + toveri. The former of these is now considered more likely. The word is also attested in the sense “companion (in crime)”, so it may have originated in argot.