Forms the impersonal indicative present forms of verbs, appended to the first infinitive.
köken: From earlier -han, -hVn (now dialectal), from Proto-Finnic *-hën, *-sën (passive or reflexive suffix), the same as the third-person singular possessive suffix (see the possessive suffix entry on -Vn). Initial -ta- is from the passive marker *-tta-.
if only · that (to the effect that) · while (whereas, despite the fact that)
köken: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *de Proto-Indo-European *-h₁ Proto-Indo-European *déh₁ Proto-Italic *dē Latin dē Romanian de Inherited from Latin dē, from Proto-Italic *dē, from Proto-Indo-European *déh₁, from *de + *-h₁.
toward, to · up to (indicating direction upwards) · near, by, close by, at, to (indicating location)
köken: From Proto-Italic *ad, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd (“near, at”). Cognates include English at. The accusative is from the hypothesized pre-PIE allative (or 'directional'), which merged with the accusative case in Proto-Italic.
aile: ad absurdum, ad amussim, ad arma, ad astra, ad hoc, ad hominem, ad infinitum, ad kalendas Graecas, ad libitum, ad nauseam
Fugere ad puppim collēs campīque videntur.
Meridie umbrae cadunt ad septentrionem, ortu vero ad occasum.
moment, time · functions as a preposition indicating specific time
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Etimoloji
Appears in the 1100s, a contraction of earlier Classical Persian اندر (andar), from Middle Persian 𐭡𐭩𐭭 (byn /andar/, “in, among, towards, concerning”), from Old Persian 𐎠𐎫𐎼 (aⁿtar, “among, within”), from Proto-Iranian, Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hantara-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁énteros (“inner, what is inside”).