in (used to indicate space, also see usage notes) · to (indicates direction towards certain very large locations, see usage notes) · by (used to indicate means)
köken: From Middle French en, from Old French en, from Latin in, from Proto-Italic *en, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”).
aile: Saussure en Vôges, Sucy-en-Brie, Tremblay-en-France
köken: From Proto-Finnic *-lla, from earlier *-l-na, composed of an element *-l(l)- (external locative infix; see -lle) and the essive/locative suffix *-na. Compare Moksha -ла (-la) in фтала (ftala, “behind”).
toward, to · up to (indicating direction upwards) · near, by, close by, at, to (indicating location)
köken: From Proto-Italic *ad, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd (“near, at”). Cognates include English at. The accusative is from the hypothesized pre-PIE allative (or 'directional'), which merged with the accusative case in Proto-Italic.
aile: ad absurdum, ad amussim, ad arma, ad astra, ad hoc, ad hominem, ad infinitum, ad kalendas Graecas, ad libitum, ad nauseam
Fugere ad puppim collēs campīque videntur.
Meridie umbrae cadunt ad septentrionem, ortu vero ad occasum.
köken: Rebracketing of older oppå, from Old Norse upp + á, compare English 'pon from upon. The preposition å (“on”) is still used in some Jutlandic dialects in the same sense.
aile: agte på, bagpå, banke på, blive klog på, blæse på, derpå, drøn på, fart på, herpå, hvorpå