to be · used to form the perfect and pluperfect tense of certain verbs (including all reflexive verbs, except regionally) · used to form the passive voice
çekim: geçmiş été · ortaç été · şimdiki est · ulaç étant
köken: From Middle French and Old French estre and ester, respectively from Early Medieval Latin essere (< esse "be") and Latin stāre (“stand”). Conjugations reflect both but more so the former. The form suis "(I) am" appears to reflect Vulgar Latin *suiō < Latin sum. Compare ai "(I) have", sais "(I) know" < *aiō, *saiō < habeō, sapiō. Cognates See also Angevin éter, étère, eteur, Aragonese estar,…
aile: ça a été, ça y est, ceci étant, cela étant, c'est pour ça, c’est, en être, est-ce que, être à, être après
to be (have a temporary or permanent location in space) · to be present · to be (denotes a copula, in a transient fashion)
çekim: geçmiş estuve · ortaç estado · şimdiki está
eş: encontrarse, hallarse, costar, valer
köken: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁ti Proto-Indo-European *-yeti Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁yeti Proto-Indo-European *sth₂éh₁yeti Proto-Italic *staēōder. Latin stō Old Spanish estar Spanish estar Inherited from Old Spanish estar, inherited from Latin stāre (“stand”). Compare English stand. The preterite's origin is unclear, most likely generalized from the preterite…
aile: aquí estamos, cuarto de estar, estar a mano, estar fashion, estar para, ontas, sala de estar, ya está, ya que estamos
to be at a place, to be there; there be, it to be (with the subject, typically after the verb, as what there is) · to take place; to occur (of an event, phenomenon, etc.) · to exist or take place [with tra ‘between two people’] (of an amorous relationship)
çekim: geçmiş stàtoci · ortaç stàtoci · şimdiki ci è
köken: Inherited from Old East Slavic бꙑти (byti), from Proto-Slavic *byti, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *bū́ˀtei. Cognate with Ukrainian бути (buty), Belarusian быць (bycʹ), Polish być. Other cognates include Sanskrit भू (bhū, “to be”), Latin futūrus, and English be. The present forms are suppletive, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti.
çekim: geçmiş imiş · ortaç imiş · şimdiki deyildir · ulaç deyilkən
köken: From Proto-Turkic *er- (“to be”). Negative forms are from deyil, from Proto-Turkic *degül. Alongside stem suppletion, (suffixed) simple copulas -dir are from Proto-Turkic *tur- (cf. durmaq (“to stand”)); -əm, -sən, and -siniz are from personal pronouns (cf. mən, sən and siz); while -ik are from Proto-Turkic *-ik (suppletive morpheme to *biŕ). Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰼 (r² /er-/), Turkish *imek,…
aile: idi, ikən, imiş, isə, -kən, malik *imək, sahib *imək, var *imək, yox *imək
köken: Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese dar (“to give”), from Latin dare, from Proto-Italic *didō, from Proto-Indo-European *dédeh₃ti, from the root *deh₃- (“give”).
aile: ao deus-dará, dar à luz, dar a saber, dar biscoito, dar certo, dar com, dar corda, dar de, dar duro, dar em cima
köken: Originally a contraction of いらせらる (iraseraru), itself an honorific conjugation of 入ら (ira, the 未然形 (mizenkei, “imperfective”) of verb iru, “to come in, to go in; to arrive; to be in a place”) + せ (se, the 未然形 (mizenkei, “imperfective”) of honorific auxiliary verb su) + らる (raru, the older form of passivizing auxiliary verb rareru, here serving as another honorific).
köken: From Middle Korean -이〮라〮 (-í-lá), from Old Korean 是 (*i-). For the dialectal politeness particle use, compare -요 (-yo), Jeolla Korean -이라우 (-irau), both of which come from the copula.
to become · to turn into (with an optional preposition till) · to remain, to stay
çekim: geçmiş blev · ortaç bliven · ulaç blivande
eş: bliva, förbli, varda
köken: Apocopic form of bliva, from Old Swedish bliva, from Middle Low German blîven (“to remain”), from Old Saxon bilīvan, from Proto-West Germanic *bilīban, from Proto-Germanic *bilībaną. Displaced Swedish varda completely in the present tense, and partly in the past tense.
aile: bli av, bli av med, bli till, bli åka av
En gång reeste han emillan Stockolm ok Upsala mäd Nordfelldt som sedan bleef Præsident i Göteborg.
to be (indicates sameness or membership in a class) · to be (auxilary verb used for predication) · forms the future tense of imperfective verbs
çekim: geçmiş byłem · şimdiki jest
eş: istnieć, znajdować się
zıt: nie ma
köken: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- Proto-Indo-European *bʰúHt Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti Proto-Balto-Slavic *bū́ˀtei Proto-Slavic *byti Old Polish być Polish być Inherited from Old Polish być.
aile: zbyteczny, nabytek, pobyt, przybytek, ubytek, zbytek, być w błędzie, dobyć, dobywać, nabyć
to be (indicating that the subject and the complement of the verb form the same thing, or that the complement describes the subject) · to be (occupy a place, possibly abstractly for an action) · to be, constitute, make up, form
çekim: geçmiş ollut · şimdiki on · ulaç oleva
köken: Most forms derive from Proto-Finnic *oldak (compare Estonian olema), from Proto-Uralic *wole- / *ole- (compare Moksha улемс (ulems), Eastern Mari улаш (ulaš), Udmurt вань (vań), Northern Khanty вөԓты (wøłty), Hungarian van, volt, and possibly Tundra Nenets ӈэсь (ŋesʹ°)); see the Proto-Uralic entry for more. The forms on and ovat are irregular, with cognates found throughout Finnic, including…
to be · there to be, to exist · to have; someone (-nak/-nek) has something (-a/-e/-ja/-je)
çekim: geçmiş volt · ortaç volt · şimdiki lenne or · ulaç levő
zıt: nem…, nincs
köken: From Old Hungarian vagyon. See Hungarian volt. * Forms beginning with v- are from Proto-Finno-Ugric *wole- (“to be”). Cognate with Northern Mansi о̄луӈкве (ōluňkve), Finnish olla and Estonian olema. Compare inflected forms such as volt, volna, való and Old Hungarian vola or vala. See also vagy for the stem in present tense. * Forms beginning with l- are from Proto-Finno-Ugric *le- (“to become”).…
aile: vagyogat, vanogat, vanni, elvan, hátravan, kivan, levan, megvan, odavan, minden rosszban van valami jó
to stand · to stay, remain · to cost, to be set at, stand at (e.g., a price)
çekim: ortaç statum · şimdiki stat · ulaç stāns
zıt: desum
köken: From Proto-Italic *staēō, from earlier *staējō, from Proto-Indo-European *sth₂éh₁yeti, stative verb from *steh₂-. Cognate with Sanskrit तिष्ठति (tíṣṭhati) (root स्था (sthā)), Persian ایستا (istâ, “standing; stopping”), Old Norse standa, Ancient Greek ἵστημι (hístēmi), στάσις (stásis), Bulgarian стоя (stoja), Old English standan (whence English stand). By its appearance through Latin sound laws,…
to become (go from one state into another, with a predicative or the preposition til (“to”); the latter is preferred with nouns if a change is implied) · to be (used with the past participle to form the passive voice) · to amount (to total or evaluate)
çekim: geçmiş blev · ortaç blevet · ulaç blivende
köken: From Middle Low German bliven, from Old Saxon bilīƀan, from Proto-Germanic *bilībaną, cognate with German bleiben (“to remain”). In the sense “to become", it replaced native vorde.
to be present, to exist, be there · to have, to possess · there is
çekim: çoğul ada-ada
zıt: tiada
köken: From Malay ada, from Classical Malay اد (ada), from Old Malay hada, from Proto-Malayic *ada(ʔ), from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *ada, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *wada, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *wada.
köken: Sino-Vietnamese word from 被 (“to cover, to pack; "by" (passive voice)”).
aile: ba bị, ba bị chín quai, ba bị chín quai mười hai con mắt, bao bị, bị gậy, bị thịt, đâm bị thóc, chọc bị gạo, múa tay trong bị, năng nhặt chặt bị, ông ba bị
to be · used with the past active aorist participle to form various perfect and renarrative tenses · used with the past active impefect participle to form some renarrative tenses
çekim: geçmiş none · ortaç бил · şimdiki е
köken: From Old Church Slavonic бꙑти (byti), from Proto-Slavic *byti (present stem *esmь). The initial e- has been dropped except for 3p. sg.