köken: From Middle High German arbeit, from Old High German arbeit, from Proto-West Germanic *arbaiþi, from Proto-Germanic *arbaidiz, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃órbʰos (“orphan, servant, slave”), from which English orphan is also derived. Cognate with Yiddish אַרבעט (arbet), Middle English arveth.
köken: Uncertain, from Old French braon (“slice of meat”) or Old Spanish brahon, from Frankish *brādon, from Proto-Germanic *brēdô. Compare English brawn.
work, labor/labour · effort, pains · work (of literature or scholarly publication)
çekim: çoğul труды́ · tamlayan труда́
eş: работа, усилие, напряжение, произведение, работа, произведение
köken: Inherited from Old East Slavic трудъ (trudŭ), from Proto-Slavic *trudъ, from Proto-Indo-European *trewd-, whence also English threat.
aile: трудоёмкость, трудозатра́ты, трудоустро́ить, трудоустра́ивать, трудоустро́йство, Phrases, свежо́ преда́ние, да ве́рится с трудо́м, Proverbs, терпе́ние и труд всё перетру́т
köken: From Persian مقاله， from Arabic مَقَالَة (maqāla, “article, essay”). Cognate with Kyrgyz макала (makala), Turkish makale, Azerbaijani məqalə, Turkmen makaala, Uzbek maqola, etc.
köken: Borrowed from English essay (“essay”), from Middle French essai (“essay; attempt, assay”), from Old French essai, from Latin exagium (whence the neuter gender).
work, job (economic role for which a person is paid) · work; effort expended on a particular task · work; measure of energy expended in moving an object
çekim: çoğul arbeten · tamlayan arbetes
köken: From Old Swedish arbeide, from Middle Low German arbet, from Old Saxon arvēd. Compare Norwegian arbeid, Danish arbejde, Faroese arbeiði, German Arbeit, Dutch arbeid. Compare the doublet arvode, inherited from Old Swedish arvoþe, ærviþi, from Old Norse erfiði.
work (product of human labor of a scientific or artistic nature) · work (product of work or process) · work (sustained effort to overcome obstacles and achieve a result)
çekim: çoğul dzieła · tamlayan dzieła
köken: Back-formation from działo via analogy from forms such as dziele and Middle Polish dzielech, perhaps influenced by a similar Czech development of dílo/dělo. First attested in 1500–1547.
aile: koniec wieńczy dzieło, arcydzieło, dzieła zebrane, dzieło sztuki, rękodzieło, umowa o dzieło, być dziełem przypadku
matter, material, substance · subject, discipline (particular area of study, especially one taught in a school) · essay (written composition of moderate length exploring a particular issue or subject written as part of one's schoolwork)
çekim: çoğul aineet · tamlayan aineen
köken: From *aineh, related to Karelian aineh and Estonian aine (loan from Finnish), probably borrowed from Proto-Norse [Term?], from Proto-Germanic *afniz (compare Swedish ämne (“matter, subject”)). The correspondence of Germanic *f with Finnish i may seem exceptional, but has a parallel in eine. The sense “essay” was coined by Finnish folklorist and linguist Daniel Europaeus in 1853 (as ainekirjoitus).