across (physically) · through (physically) · by (used in passive constructions)
eş: z powodu
köken: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *per- Proto-Balto-Slavic *per Proto-Slavic *per- Proto-Indo-European *h₁éǵʰ Proto-Indo-European *-s Proto-Indo-European *h₁éǵʰsder. Proto-Slavic *-zъ Proto-Slavic *perzъ Old Polish przez Polish przez Inherited from Old Polish przez.
in the direction of, to, towards · on account of, according to, because of, due to, for (the purpose of) · against; facing
köken: From Proto-Italic *op, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἐπί (epí), Sanskrit अपि (ápi), Avestan 𐬀𐬌𐬞𐬌 (aⁱpi), Old Persian [script needed] (apiy), and Old Armenian եւ (ew). Also related to English by. The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional and the PIE direct object.
köken: From Old Norse eptir, from Proto-Norse ᚨᚠᛏᛖᚱ (after), from Proto-Germanic *aftiri (“more aft, further behind”), *after. Related to Norwegian Bokmål etter, Swedish efter, and English after.