Reflexive suffix appended to finite verbs and infinitives to make a reflexive, reciprocal, intransitive or passive verb.
eş: -сь
köken: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *swé Proto-Balto-Slavic *sen Proto-Slavic *sę Old East Slavic сѧ (sę) Russian -ся From Old East Slavic сѧ (sę), from Proto-Slavic *sę, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *sen, from Proto-Indo-European *swé. It is considered the shortened form of себя́ (sebjá). Compare Belarusian and Ukrainian -ся (-sja), Italian -si, Spanish se.
köken: From Middle Dutch alse, an unstressed form of also (modern alzo). The sense “whether” is possibly a semantic loan from Sranan Tongo efu (“if, when; if, whether”).
Als je die knop indrukt, gaat de computer uit.
Als het regent worden alle daken nat.
Dinsdagochtend op een grindpad / Het weekend geweest / Men maakt zich op / Voor de wandeling / Als ging men naar een feest
indirect question marker: whether, if, who, what, where, how ... · Conveys a careful, indirect question. Nowadays typically used with -요 (-yo) for further politeness. · perhaps because...
köken: From Middle Korean -ᄂᆞᆫ디 (Yale: -nonti), equivalent to Middle Korean -ᄂᆞ- (Yale: -no-, present-tense marker) + -ㄴ (Yale: -n, realis adnominal suffix) + ᄃᆞ (Yale: to, semantically light dependent noun) + -이 (Yale: -i).
interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question, often omitted; whether
köken: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *kʷ- Proto-Indo-European *kʷí- Proto-Indo-European *-h₁ Proto-Indo-European *kʷíh₁ Proto-Slavic *či Old Polish czy Polish czy Inherited from Old Polish czy.
Czy ten pan jest z Anglii? Tak, ten pan jest z Anglii.
In indirect questions, -ko/-kö appended to the verb corresponds to the conjunctions if and whether in English. · With the particle -han/-hän attached to the topic of discussion, it expresses "I wonder if". · With the negative verb (en, et, ei, emme, ette, eivät) and the particle -han/-hän, expresses "I suppose".
köken: From Proto-Finnic *-ko, probably ultimately from Proto-Uralic *ko-.