köken: From Middle High German grisgramen (“to grind one’s teeth”), from Old High German grisgramōn (“to grind one’s teeth”). Later reanalyzed as a compound gries (“grey”) + Gram (“grief”), which influenced the semantic development, though the first element is instead related to Grieß (“semolina, grit”).
köken: Borrowed from Latin asperum, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂esp- (“to cut”). The forms of the Spanish word and its Portuguese equivalent seem to indicate that they may be semi-learned or borrowed terms (the expected normal result aspro was found on rare occasions in Old Spanish documents). However, comparing it to similar cases of phonetic development in Spanish and Ibero-Romance (cf. árboles,…
köken: Etymology tree Middle High German gebūr /gebūrebor. Polish gbur Borrowed from Middle High German gebūr /gebūre. Doublet of bauer (“rich German farmer”).