köken: First attested in the mid 17th century. Most likely borrowed from Early Modern Dutch stof, from Middle Dutch stoffe, borrowed from Old French estophe, estoffe, from estoffer (“to provide what is necessary, equip, stuff”). The word is ultimately Germanic and was borrowed into Old French from Old High German stoffōn, itself from Proto-West Germanic *stoppōn, making it a doublet of stopfen (“to…
eş: сила тяжести, масса, значимость, авторитет, весовой коэффициент, доля
köken: Inherited from Proto-Slavic *věsъ. Related to ве́сить (vésitʹ, “to weigh”) and висе́ть (visétʹ, “to hang”). For the semantic shift compare Latin pondus (“weight”) and Latin pendo (“to hang, to suspend, to weigh”).
köken: From Middle Persian NKḆ, mʾtk' (mādag), from Proto-Iranian *māta-ka- (“female creature”), from *māta- (“female”), from *máHtā (“mother”). Northern Luri ما (ma, “female”), Northern Kurdish mê (“female”). Compare Old Armenian մատակ (matak), an Iranian borrowing.
substance (matter, material) · substance (essence, that which is vital) · substance (hypostasis, independent essence)
çekim: çoğul substanties
köken: From Middle Dutch substantie, perhaps via Old French substance, in any event from Latin substantia (“substance, essence”), from substāns, present active participle of substō (“exist; literally, stand under”), from sub + stō (“stand”).
riches; wealth (valuable material possessions) · richness (state or quality of being rich) · the wealth of a person, organisation or location collectively
köken: From rico (“rich”) + -eza (“-ness”), from Old Galician-Portuguese rico, from Gothic 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃 (reiks, “powerful”), from Proto-Germanic *rīkijaz (“powerful, rich”).
matter, material, substance · subject, discipline (particular area of study, especially one taught in a school) · essay (written composition of moderate length exploring a particular issue or subject written as part of one's schoolwork)
çekim: çoğul aineet · tamlayan aineen
köken: From *aineh, related to Karelian aineh and Estonian aine (loan from Finnish), probably borrowed from Proto-Norse [Term?], from Proto-Germanic *afniz (compare Swedish ämne (“matter, subject”)). The correspondence of Germanic *f with Finnish i may seem exceptional, but has a parallel in eine. The sense “essay” was coined by Finnish folklorist and linguist Daniel Europaeus in 1853 (as ainekirjoitus).