köken: From Old Galician-Portuguese certo, from Latin certus (“certain”), past participle of cernō (“to sift; to discern”), from Proto-Indo-European *krey- (“to move; to separate”).
isn't it so?; right? · a sentence-final ending used when the speaker rhetorically confirms something they already knew, in order to cross-check the information
interrogative pronoun; what · pronoun for introducing a subordinate clause that narrows the scope of the main clause; which, that; what; who · pronoun that attaches a relative clause to the main clause; which, that; what; who
eş: c.o.
köken: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *kʷ- Proto-Indo-European *kʷís Proto-Indo-European *kʷídder. Proto-Slavic *česo Old Polish czso Polish co Inherited from Old Polish czso.
aile: dopiero co, o mało co, póki co, co niemiara, co za, bądź co bądź, co dopiero, co gorsza, co więcej, nie ma co
Co to?
Znam takiego gościa, co ma konia.
Ta kobieta, co mieszkała w tym mieszkaniu, wyjechała do Niemiec.
Ukraynacaбезпосере́дньо, ві́рно, га, догі́дний, еге ж, підхо́жий
very, rather, quite · exactly, precisely, just · completely, totally
köken: From Proto-Finnic *aivan (an instructive singular, compare ihan), probably borrowed from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háywas, or alternatively from Proto-Germanic *aiwaz (“long time”). Cognate with Votic aiva (“always”) and Estonian aiva (“always”).
çekim: karşılaştırma igazabb · üstünlük legigazabb
zıt: hamis, hazug, valótlan
köken: First attested in the middle of 13th century. Native word, probably a derivation. Its base word is presumably jóg (“right hand”), an older variant of jog (“law”). Its ending is the obsolete noun-forming suffix -z. For the ending, compare száraz. For the word-initial shift from jo- to i-, compare inkább (“rather”) (older variant jonkább) and irgalom (“mercy”) (jorgat (“to have mercy”) found in…
not (negation, denial, refusal) · not (in a question, expecting a positive answer) · isn’t it so (postponed, turning an affirmative utterance into a question)
eş: ej, ikke sandt?, ikke også?
zıt: vel
köken: From Old Norse ekki (“not”), cognate with Jutish itt, Swedish icke, inte. The neuter of the Old Norse pronoun engi (“nobody, no”), see ingen.
aile: det ved jeg ikke, heller ikke, jeg forstår ikke, slet ikke
interrogative particle: introduces a question, in which the speaker expects an affirmative response: right? · emphatic particle: expresses or introduces new relevant information/evidence: after all, given that · interrogative-emphatic particle: expresses irritation or scepticism
köken: Doublet of нели́ (nelí), influenced by the interjection на (na, “thus, here it is”).