a gaseous form of a normally liquid substance · vapour (UK), vapor (US) · fume
çekim: çoğul ångor · tamlayan ångas
köken: The oblique case of ånge (in Early Modern Swedish), from Old Swedish ange. Compare Old Norse ang (“fragrance”) and Old Norse anga (“to exhale; to emit fragrance”). Beyond the Nordic languages the origin is unclear, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe”).
energy (the quantitative property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on, or to heat, the object) · energy (the capacity to do work)
çekim: çoğul energiák
köken: First attested in 1627. Borrowed from Latin energia, from Ancient Greek ἐνέργεια (enérgeia).
a spear, lance, pike, carried by soldiers and used for thrusting
çekim: çoğul hastae · tamlayan hastae
köken: Disputed. Michiel de Vaan suggests a possible Proto-Italic form Proto-Italic *hastā-. It is also conjectured to be from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰasto- or *ǵʰasdʰo- (“branch ~ spear, sharp spine”) (see below for Indo-European cognates), but the phonetics are problematic. Likely of ultimately non-Indo-European substrate origin. Cognates include Irish gad (“withe”), Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍃 (gazds, “spine,…
aile: hastārius, hastātus, hastīle, hastula
Petere aliquem hastā.
Victumne putāstī / Thēsea, dīre Creōn? Adsum, nec sanguine fessum / crēde; sitit meritōs etiamnum haec hasta cruōrēs.
köken: From Proto-Finnic *koto, which is derived from Proto-Finnic *kota, which is from Proto-Finno-Ugric *kota. Possibly a loan from Proto-Indo-European *koth₁o. Compare Persian کد (kad). Cognate to Finnish kota and koto, Hungarian ház. See also koda.