to have to (do something); must; to be obliged (to do something); to need (to do something). · to have to do something implied; must; to be obliged. · to need to go to the bathroom.
çekim: geçmiş musste · ortaç gemusst · şimdiki muss · ulaç müssend
eş: notwendig, nötig, verpflichtet
köken: From Middle High German müeȥen, from Old High German muoȥan, from Proto-West Germanic *mōtan. The preservation of the original diphthong can still be seen in Bavarian muass, the first and third person singular present form of miassn. See können for the origin of the historically unexpected umlaut.
to be necessary, to be required · to have to, must · should, be meant to, be supposed to
çekim: geçmiş moesten · ortaç gemoeten · şimdiki moet · ulaç moetend
zıt: niet hoeven
köken: From Middle Dutch moeten, from Old Dutch muotan, from Proto-West Germanic *mōtan, from Proto-Germanic *mōtaną. Cognate with English must, German müssen (“must”), and English mote (“may, might”). Unrelated to -moeten in ontmoeten.
should (indicates that an action is considered by the speaker to be obligatory) · ought (indicates that the subject of the sentence has some obligation to execute the sentence predicate.) · will likely (indicates that the subject of the sentence is likely to execute the sentence predicate.)
çekim: geçmiş devi · ortaç devido · şimdiki deve
köken: From Old Galician-Portuguese dever, from Latin dēbēre (“to owe”).
need (something necessary) · need (something without which something or someone cannot function) · need (difficult situation)
çekim: çoğul potrzeby · tamlayan potrzeby
eş: imperatyw
köken: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep Proto-Indo-European *-o Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó Proto-Indo-European *h₂pó Proto-Balto-Slavic *pa Proto-Slavic *po Proto-Slavic *po- Proto-Indo-European *terp- Proto-Indo-European *terbʰ- Proto-Slavic *terba Proto-Slavic *poterba Old Polish potrzeba Polish potrzeba Inherited from Old Polish potrzeba.
aile: potrzebny, za potrzebą, artykuł pierwszej potrzeby, kropla w morzu potrzeb, potrzeba chwili, potrzeba naturalna, potrzebować, załatwić potrzebę, załatwiać potrzebę, potrzeba jest matką wynalazków
to owe something, to be under obligation to and for something · to be bound, in duty bound to do something; "ought", "must", "should" · to be owed, to be due (when in passive voice)
çekim: ortaç dēbitus · şimdiki dēbet · ulaç dēbēns
eş: cogo, decet, necesse est, oportet, opus est, par est
köken: Contraction of *dēhibeō, from dē- + habeō (“have”), though "I hold away (from someone)". See the same contraction in dēbilis. Compare the later formed dēhabeō.
aile: dēbitiō, dēbitor, dēbitrix, dēbitum
(passive voice of obligō only)
… nēmō sē iūdicet quicquam dēbēre quī tempus accēpit, cum interim hoc ūnum est quod nē grātus quidem potest reddere.
it is needed, it is necessary · to have to, to need to, must
çekim: geçmiş calgué · ortaç calgut · şimdiki cal
köken: Inherited from Latin calēre (“to be hot”), from Proto-Italic *kalēō, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱelh₁-. First attested in the 13th century. Compare Occitan caler; for sense evolution, compare dated French chaloir (originally "to be hot," later "to be important, to matter (to someone)").
köken: From Old Galician-Portuguese lazeyra (13th century, Cantigas de Santa Maria), from a Vulgar Latin *lacĕrĭa, from Latin lacer (“torn to pieces”), from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂k- (“to tear, rend”).
aile: laceirar, Laceiras
Paséi pol-a tua porta, non che vin palla n-a eira, nin che coidéi, rapaciña, que tiñas tanta laceira (popular song)
cobijçauã mays a morte ca a vida cõ tã grã lazeira
volitive inflection of verbs, indicating that an action or state is desired, requested, ordered, or aimed for.
köken: Etymology unclear. Perhaps from the Greek -ou imperative (pronounced [u]) of deponent verbs such as dekhou “receive!”, or from the Hebrew imperative -û. It may instead—or also—be connected to the vowel of the Esperanto conditional suffix -us, minus the s of the indicative inflections.