denotes location; above, over · denotes location, particularly in relation to a body of water; on, by · denotes motion; to above, to over
eş: powyżej, ponad, powyżej, ponad, do, obok
zıt: znad, pod
köken: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *h₂en- Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- Proto-Balto-Slavic *nōda Proto-Slavic *nadъ Old Polish nad Polish nad Inherited from Old Polish nad.
above, over (+ instrumental case) · over (expression motion towards) · more than, like (used when increasing the higher measure, the degree of comparison, etc.)
köken: Inherited from Old East Slavic надъ (nadŭ), from Proto-Slavic *nadъ.
köken: From Proto-Finnic *-lla, from earlier *-l-na, composed of an element *-l(l)- (external locative infix; see -lle) and the essive/locative suffix *-na. Compare Moksha -ла (-la) in фтала (ftala, “behind”).
above, on the top, on the upper side · before, previously, formerly · more, beyond, over
zıt: īnfrā
köken: From Old Latin suprād, superā; further from Proto-Italic *superād, cognate to Umbrian 𐌔𐌖𐌁𐌓𐌀 (subra). The accusative is from the adverbial derivation.
köken: From Proto-Vietic *k-leːɲ. Cognate with Muong Bi tliênh. Related to lên. Attested as Northern Middle Vietnamese tlên in Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum (1651).
aile: bề trên, kính trên nhường dưới, ơn trên, tay trên, trên bảo, dưới không nghe, trên cơ, trên dưới, trên không, trên kính dưới nhường, trên mạng
over, above (without touching, with or without motion)
köken: From a contraction of viršùj, viršui̇̃ (“above, on top”), from a clipping of viršujè, the locative singular of viršus (“top”). Compare Latvian virs (“above”).