-tion
köken: From Latin -tiō.
Forming nouns with the sense of "action or result of Xing" or, more rarely, "action related to X". · Forming nouns with the sense of "state of being (a) X". · Forming collective nouns.
eş: -ment
köken: Inherited from Middle French -age, from Old French -age, from Latin -āticum, greatly extended from words like rivage and voyage.
-ment (the action or result of what is denoted by the verb)
köken: From Latin -mentum. Doublet of -miento.
🔊 jurar (“to swear”) + -mento → juramento (“oath”)
-age; forms nouns indicating an action or result related to the root verb · -age; forms nouns indicating collection or appurtenance
köken: From Latin -āticum, probably through Old Occitan -atge; cf. also Old French -age, Sicilian -aju. Doublet of -atico.
🔊 montare (“to assemble”) + -aggio → montaggio (“assembly”)
🔊 tenda (“curtain”) + -aggio → tendaggio (“curtains, blinds”)
-ence, -ance, -tion, -ity, -ment, etc. (suffix used to form abstract nouns from verbs)
köken: From -тель (-telʹ) + -ство (-stvo).
🔊 доказа́ть (dokazátʹ, “to prove”) + -тельство (-telʹstvo) → доказа́тельство (dokazátelʹstvo, “proof”)
🔊 обстоя́ть (obstojátʹ, “to be, to stand, to happen”) + -тельство (-telʹstvo) → обстоя́тельство (obstojátelʹstvo, “circumstance”)
🔊 пра́вить (právitʹ, “to rule, to govern”) + -тельство (-telʹstvo) → прави́тельство (pravítelʹstvo, “government”)
Third-person singular possessive suffix. · Marks third-person singular in the simple past of intransitive verbs.
köken: From Middle Persian 𐭱𐭭 (-išn).
🔊 سوختش
Negative verbal suffix.
köken: Inherited from Proto-Turkic *-me.
Creates action nouns referring to the performance of a verb, or the result thereof.
köken: Inherited from Middle Dutch -inge, from Old Dutch -inga, -unga, -onga, from Proto-West Germanic *-ingu, *-ungu, from Proto-Germanic *-ungō.
added to a verb form to create gerund nouns
🔊 τρέχω (trécho, “to run”) + -ιμο (-imo) → τρέξιμο (tréximo, “running”)
🔊 φταίω (ftaío, “to be at fault”) + -ιμο (-imo) → φταίξιμο (ftaíximo, “blame”)
🔊 σφάζω (sfázo, “to slaughter”) + -ιμο (-imo) → σφάξιμο (sfáximo, “slaughter”)
to, -ing, that...; derives verbal and adjectival substantives. · -ing, -ment, -tion; derives nouns from verbs and adjectives.
köken: From Middle Korean -기〮 (-kí) ~ -이〮 (-í). The suffix was rare in fifteenth-century Middle Korean (Lee and Ramsey 2011, p. 177), but came to increasingly displace -옴 (-wom).
🔊 아기들은 울기만 한다.
🔊 죽기는 쉽고 살기는 어렵다.
🔊 이 아이는 그림 그리기를 잘한다.
Used to form verbal nouns from verbs; -ation; -ing
köken: Inherited from Old Swedish -ing, -ung, from Old Norse -ing, -ung, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō. Cognate with German -ung.
🔊 Skåne (“Scania”) + -ing → skåning (“Scanian”)
🔊 Island (“Iceland”) + -ing → islänning (“Icelander”)
🔊 get (“goat”) + -ing → geting (“wasp”)
forms verbal nouns (gerunds) from verbs in conjugations: I, IX, Xb
köken: Etymology tree Proto-Balto-Slavic *-nisder. Proto-Slavic *-nь Proto-Indo-European *-is Proto-Balto-Slavic *-is Proto-Slavic *-ь Proto-Indo-European *-yós Proto-Balto-Slavic *-jas Proto-Slavic *-jь Proto-Slavic *-ьje Proto-Slavic *-nьje Old Polish -anie Polish -anie Inherited from Old Polish -anie, from Proto-Slavic *-nьje.
🔊 czytać + -anie → czytanie
🔊 mazać + -anie → mazanie
🔊 lać + -anie → lanie
Suffix used to form verbal nouns from verbs; added especially to verbs ending in -ати (-aty) (alternatively -яти (-jaty)): -ing, -tion, -ence, -ance, -ment, etc.
köken: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *-h₂ Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂ Proto-Indo-European *-yéti Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ā́ˀtei Proto-Slavic *-ati Ukrainian -а^((ти)) (-a⁽ᵗʸ⁾) Proto-Slavic *-n- Proto-Indo-European *-is Proto-Balto-Slavic *-is Proto-Slavic *-ь Proto-Indo-European *-yós Proto-Balto-Slavic *-jas Proto-Slavic *-jь Proto-Slavic *-ьje Ukrainian -ння (-nnja)…
🔊 гарантува́ти impf or pf (harantuváty, “to guarantee”) + -а́ння (-ánnja) → гарантува́ння (harantuvánnja, “guaranteeing”)
🔊 покара́ти pf (pokaráty, “to punish”) + -а́ння (-ánnja) → покара́ння (pokaránnja, “punishment”)
🔊 підтри́мати pf (pidtrýmaty, “to support”) + -ання (-annja) → підтри́мання (pidtrýmannja, “support(ing)”)
Forms verbal nouns or action nouns from verbs, mostly corresponds to the English gerund suffix -ing.
köken: From Proto-Finnic *-minën. Equivalent to -m- + -inen.
🔊 kirjoittaa (“to write”) + -minen → kirjoittaminen (“writing”)
🔊 syödä (“to eat”) + -minen → syöminen (“eating”)
-or, -er
köken: Inherited from Old Czech -cě, from Proto-Slavic *-ьca.
🔊 vládnout + -ce → vládce
🔊 zradit + -ce → zrádce
roughly equivalent to -tion; was used to form a noun when added to a verb root, describing that action or state related to the verb (also used with adjective roots sometimes)
köken: Inherited from Latin -tiō, -tiōnem, and found in terms inherited from Latin as well those formed before the mid 19th century, but is otherwise no longer productive. Most modern words or neologisms use the borrowed doublets -ție or occasionally -țiune.
aile: adevărăciune, amărăciune, amărătăciune, amestecăciune, curăciune, deșertăciune, deșteptăciune, fătăciune, imăciune, îmbătaciune
🔊 a înșela (“to deceive”) + -ciune → înșelăciune (“fraud”)
🔊 a ruga (“to ask for; to pray”) + -ciune → rugăciune (“prayer”)
-tion (a distinguishable foreign word ending in nouns; it is not considerable as an independent Hungarian suffix)
köken: From Latin -tio.
🔊 ambíció (“ambition”)
-tion
köken: From Slavic languages, such as Russian -ция (-cija), Polish -cja, and thence also Yiddish ־ציע (-tsye). Ultimately from Latin -tiō.
instrument, medium, or result of
köken: From Proto-Italic *-mentom, from Proto-Indo-European *-mn̥tom, extended from *-mn̥. Compare -men.
🔊 monēre + -mentum → monumentum
added to a verb to form a noun for an action or process, the result of or the subject performing such action · designates a person of a certain origin or with certain qualities
köken: From Old Norse -ing, -ung, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō.
-tion
köken: From Dutch -tie, from Latin -tiō. Cognate to Afrikaans -sie.