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•-ness; -tion; -ment (noun-deriving suffix for verbs and adjectives) · the act of, the process of, -ing, being […] , to be […] (gerund- or noun clause-forming suffix for verbs and adjectives)

Diğer Dillerde

Almanca-ung (dişil) /ʊŋ(k)/

-ing; forms nouns from verbs, usually describing either an event in which an action is carried out, or the result of that action.

köken: From Middle High German -ung, -unge, from Old High German -unga, from Proto-West Germanic *-ungu, from Proto-Germanic *-ungō. More at English -ing.

rechnen (“to reckon”) + -ung → die Rechnung (“the reckoning, the bill”)

entdecken (“to discover”) + -ung → die Entdeckung (“the discovery”)

erinnern (“to remind”) + -ung → die Erinnerung (“the reminder, the remembrance, the memory”)

Fransızca-age , -ment (eril) /aʒ/

Forming nouns with the sense of "action or result of Xing" or, more rarely, "action related to X". · Forming nouns with the sense of "state of being (a) X". · Forming collective nouns.

eş: -ment

köken: Inherited from Middle French -age, from Old French -age, from Latin -āticum, greatly extended from words like rivage and voyage.

İspanyolca-mento , -miento (eril) /ˈmento/

-ment (the action or result of what is denoted by the verb)

köken: From Latin -mentum. Doublet of -miento.

jurar (“to swear”) + -mento → juramento (“oath”)

İtalyanca-mento (eril) /ˈmen.to/

forms nouns that represent the action of a related verb

köken: From Latin -mentum.

cambiare (“to change”) + -mento → cambiamento (“change (abstract)”)

versare (“to pour”) + -mento → versamento (“pouring”)

Rusça-тельство /tʲɪlʲstvə/

-ence, -ance, -tion, -ity, -ment, etc. (suffix used to form abstract nouns from verbs)

köken: From -тель (-telʹ) + -ство (-stvo).

доказа́ть (dokazátʹ, “to prove”) + -тельство (-telʹstvo) → доказа́тельство (dokazátelʹstvo, “proof”)

обстоя́ть (obstojátʹ, “to be, to stand, to happen”) + -тельство (-telʹstvo) → обстоя́тельство (obstojátelʹstvo, “circumstance”)

пра́вить (právitʹ, “to rule, to govern”) + -тельство (-telʹstvo) → прави́тельство (pravítelʹstvo, “government”)

Farsçaـش /ˈ‿aʃ/

Third-person singular possessive suffix. · Marks third-person singular in the simple past of intransitive verbs.

köken: From Middle Persian 𐭱𐭭 (-išn).

سوختش

Felemenkçe-ing /ɪŋ/

Creates action nouns referring to the performance of a verb, or the result thereof.

köken: Inherited from Middle Dutch -inge, from Old Dutch -inga, -unga, -onga, from Proto-West Germanic *-ingu, *-ungu, from Proto-Germanic *-ungō.

Yunanca-ιμο , -μα (nötr) /imo/

added to a verb form to create gerund nouns

τρέχω (trécho, “to run”) + -ιμο (-imo) → τρέξιμο (tréximo, “running”)

φταίω (ftaío, “to be at fault”) + -ιμο (-imo) → φταίξιμο (ftaíximo, “blame”)

σφάζω (sfázo, “to slaughter”) + -ιμο (-imo) → σφάξιμο (sfáximo, “slaughter”)

İsveççe-mang , -ment

-ment; making a noun

köken: Borrowed from French -ment.

Lehçe-anie , -ęcie , -enie , -stwo /ˈa.ɲɛ/

forms verbal nouns (gerunds) from verbs in conjugations: I, IX, Xb

köken: Etymology tree Proto-Balto-Slavic *-nisder. Proto-Slavic *-nь Proto-Indo-European *-is Proto-Balto-Slavic *-is Proto-Slavic *-ь Proto-Indo-European *-yós Proto-Balto-Slavic *-jas Proto-Slavic *-jь Proto-Slavic *-ьje Proto-Slavic *-nьje Old Polish -anie Polish -anie Inherited from Old Polish -anie, from Proto-Slavic *-nьje.

czytać + -anie → czytanie

mazać + -anie → mazanie

lać + -anie → lanie

Ukraynaca-ання , -ення (nötr)

Suffix used to form verbal nouns from verbs; added especially to verbs ending in -ати (-aty) (alternatively -яти (-jaty)): -ing, -tion, -ence, -ance, -ment, etc.

köken: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *-h₂ Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂ Proto-Indo-European *-yéti Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ā́ˀtei Proto-Slavic *-ati Ukrainian -а^((ти)) (-a⁽ᵗʸ⁾) Proto-Slavic *-n- Proto-Indo-European *-is Proto-Balto-Slavic *-is Proto-Slavic *-ь Proto-Indo-European *-yós Proto-Balto-Slavic *-jas Proto-Slavic *-jь Proto-Slavic *-ьje Ukrainian -ння (-nnja)…

гарантува́ти impf or pf (harantuváty, “to guarantee”) + -а́ння (-ánnja) → гарантува́ння (harantuvánnja, “guaranteeing”)

покара́ти pf (pokaráty, “to punish”) + -а́ння (-ánnja) → покара́ння (pokaránnja, “punishment”)

підтри́мати pf (pidtrýmaty, “to support”) + -ання (-annja) → підтри́мання (pidtrýmannja, “support(ing)”)

Hintçe-करण

Fince-minen , -us

Forms verbal nouns or action nouns from verbs, mostly corresponds to the English gerund suffix -ing.

köken: From Proto-Finnic *-minën. Equivalent to -m- + -inen.

kirjoittaa (“to write”) + -minen → kirjoittaminen (“writing”)

syödä (“to eat”) + -minen → syöminen (“eating”)

Rumence-mânt (nötr) /mɨnt/

Forms nouns that indicate the action or result of a verb; -ment

köken: Inherited from Late Latin -mentum, from Latin -menta.

jura (“to vow”) + -mânt → jurământ (“vow”)

lega (“to bind”) + -mânt → legământ (“pledge, promise; vow”)

crede (“to trust”) + -mânt → crezământ (“trust”)

Latince-mentum /ˈmɛn.tũː/

instrument, medium, or result of

köken: From Proto-Italic *-mentom, from Proto-Indo-European *-mn̥tom, extended from *-mn̥. Compare -men.

monēre + -mentum → monumentum

Norveççe-ment

Taycaการ , ความ /kaːn˧/

work; matter; task; affair.

köken: From Pali kāra (“deed; service; act of mercy or worship; homage; noun suffix”) or Sanskrit कार (kāra, “making; producing; performing; action; etc.”). Cognate with Lao ການ (kān), Lü ᦂᦱᧃ (k̇aan).

aile: กงการ, กรมการ, กระทำการค้า, กระบวนการ, ก่อการ, ก่อการปฏิวัติ, ก่อการร้าย, กองบังคับการ, กะการ, การกบฏ

Katalanca-ment /ˈment/

Attaches to an adjective in the feminine singular to form the corresponding adverb.

köken: Inherited from Latin mente.

ràpida (“rapid”) + -ment → ràpidament (“rapidly”)

Galiçyaca-mento (eril) /ˈmento/

-ment; forms nouns from verbs, with the sense of "result, product (of process)"

köken: From Old Galician-Portuguese -mento, from Latin -mentum.

Galce-ant , -deb , -der , -dra , -edd , -fel /ant/

show the action of a verb or its result, -tion, -ment

köken: Cognate with Cornish -ans.

maddau (“to forgive”) + -ant → maddeuant (“forgiveness”)

Arnavutça-im , -më /ɪm/

-ism, -ation, -ment; Suffixed to nouns or verbs to form masculine abstract nouns of practice (action or incidence), result, teaching (doctrine or philosophy), or status (state or condition) related to the thing or action

köken: either a derivation of -më from Proto-Albanian *-mā, from Proto-Indo-European *-mn̥ or from Ancient Greek -ισμός (-ismós, abstract noun suffix).

ag (“dawn”) + -im → Agim (“id”)

admiroj (“admire”) + -im → admirim (“admiration”)

afër (“close”) + -im → afrim (“approach”)

Ermenice-ություն , -ումն /uˈtʰjun/

Forming abstract and collective nouns, -ity, -ness, -dom, -hood, -y, -ship.

köken: From Old Armenian -ութիւն (-utʻiwn).

լուրջ (lurǰ, “serious”) + -ություն (-utʻyun) → լրջություն (lrǰutʻyun, “seriousness”)

ահաբեկիչ (ahabekičʻ, “terrorist”) + -ություն (-utʻyun) → ահաբեկչություն (ahabekčʻutʻyun, “terrorism”)

մտավորական (mtavorakan, “intellectual”) + -ություն (-utʻyun) → մտավորականություն (mtavorakanutʻyun, “intelligentsia”)

Tamilce-ச்சி /-t͡ɕːɪ/

Used to form nouns of being or condition from other nouns or verbs, -ment.

köken: Cognate with Malayalam -ച (-ca), -ച്ച (-cca).

காண் (kāṇ, “to see”) + -ச்சி (-cci) → காட்சி (kāṭci, “sight”)

ஆராய் (ārāy, “to scrutinize, examine”) + -ச்சி (-cci) → ஆராய்ச்சி (ārāycci, “research, investigation”)

Urducaـش

Peştucaـتیا

a suffix added to native Pashto adjectives to form abstract nouns: -ment, -cy

پراخ (prâx, “vast”) + ـتیا (-tiyâ) → پراختیا (prâxtyâ, “development”)

نیمګړی (nimgëṛay, “insufficient”) + ـتیا (-tiyâ) → نيمګړینیا (nimgëṛitiyâ, “insufficiency”)

Khmerceការ

nominalizer creating abstract nouns from verbs, also sometimes from adjectives

köken: From Pali kāra (“doing”) or Sanskrit कार (kāra).

ការកំណត់

ការក្រ

Yidiş־ונג

-ing

köken: From Old High German -unga, from Proto-Germanic *-ungō (compare German -ung, English -ing).

Oksitanca-ment

Attaches to an adjective in the feminine singular to form the corresponding adverb.

köken: From Old Occitan -ment, from Latin mente.

Etimoloji

Of native Korean origin, from Middle Korean -음〮 (Yale: -úm), -ᄋᆞᆷ〮 (Yale: -óm). This suffix is the most common Middle Korean nominalizer, including in the gugyeol sources of the fourteenth century and in the Hangul sources of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, but is very rarely attested in pre-fourteenth-century Old Korean sources. Choe 2017 comments that no intermediary stage appears to…

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