•Suffix used to form verbal nouns from verbs; added especially to verbs ending in -ати (-aty) (alternatively -яти (-jaty)): -ing, -tion, -ence, -ance, -ment, etc.
-ing; forms nouns from verbs, usually describing either an event in which an action is carried out, or the result of that action.
köken: From Middle High German -ung, -unge, from Old High German -unga, from Proto-West Germanic *-ungu, from Proto-Germanic *-ungō. More at English -ing.
rechnen (“to reckon”) + -ung → die Rechnung (“the reckoning, the bill”)
entdecken (“to discover”) + -ung → die Entdeckung (“the discovery”)
erinnern (“to remind”) + -ung → die Erinnerung (“the reminder, the remembrance, the memory”)
Forming nouns with the sense of "action or result of Xing" or, more rarely, "action related to X". · Forming nouns with the sense of "state of being (a) X". · Forming collective nouns.
eş: -ment
köken: Inherited from Middle French -age, from Old French -age, from Latin -āticum, greatly extended from words like rivage and voyage.
to, -ing, that...; derives verbal and adjectival substantives. · -ing, -ment, -tion; derives nouns from verbs and adjectives.
köken: From Middle Korean -기〮 (-kí) ~ -이〮 (-í). The suffix was rare in fifteenth-century Middle Korean (Lee and Ramsey 2011, p. 177), but came to increasingly displace -옴 (-wom).
-ism, -ation, -ment; Suffixed to nouns or verbs to form masculine abstract nouns of practice (action or incidence), result, teaching (doctrine or philosophy), or status (state or condition) related to the thing or action
köken: either a derivation of -më from Proto-Albanian *-mā, from Proto-Indo-European *-mn̥ or from Ancient Greek -ισμός (-ismós, abstract noun suffix).