köken: Inherited from Old East Slavic бꙑти (byti), from Proto-Slavic *byti, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *bū́ˀtei. Cognate with Ukrainian бути (buty), Belarusian быць (bycʹ), Polish być. Other cognates include Sanskrit भू (bhū, “to be”), Latin futūrus, and English be. The present forms are suppletive, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti.
Expresses an obligation or confident conjecture, equivalent to English must, have to, should, ought, etc.
köken: Inherited from Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾp̄ʾyt' /abāyēd/, “it is necessary, fitting; must”), Manichaean Middle Persian 𐫀𐫁𐫀𐫏𐫅 (ʾbʾyd). Originally the third-person singular present of the verb بایستن (bāyistan /bâyestan, “to be necessary”), hence etymologically "it is necessary". The original verb is now obsolete except in a few conjugations, of which باید (bāyad /bâyad, “should;…
to hold, grasp, grip · to hold [with partitive; or with elative ‘onto’ (often with kiinni)] (have and keep possession of something) · to hold, to be in possession (of)
çekim: geçmiş pitänyt · şimdiki pitäisi · ulaç pitävä
zıt: inhota, vihata
köken: From Proto-Finnic *pitädäk (compare Estonian pidama), from Proto-Finno-Permic *pitä- (compare Erzya педямс (peďams, “to stuck”)). * (to hold (an event, etc.)): Compare Swedish hålla, English hold. * (to consider, regard): Compare German halten, Swedish hålla för. * (to like): Akin to “to consider, regard”, compare tykätä (from Swedish tycka); compare also Swedish hålla av (from hålla).
Forms the second-person singular subjunctive/imperative of verbs (indefinite conjugation). It is also part of all subjunctive/imperative suffixes in both indefinite and definite conjugations.
to be necessary, needful; to be proper, becoming, right or reasonable; to behoove; (absolutely) one should or ought to
çekim: şimdiki oporteat · ulaç oportēns
köken: For *opvortet, from Proto-Indo-European *wortéyeti, causative stem (2nd conjugation) of the root of vertō (“to turn”) (3rd conjugation). Some refer the op- to ob-, some to opus, with which compare the similar expressions opus est and operam dare. See also ligō, vinciō for other examples of words meaning to bind or turn, having derivatives with the sense of obliging.
çekim: geçmiş burdet · ortaç burdet · ulaç burdende
köken: From Old Norse byrja (“to begin”), from Proto-Germanic *burjaną (“to lift”). Doublet of børje. The Old Norse verb is also construed with an infinitive subject in the sense "it is proper". In Modern Danish and Swedish, the verb has a personal subject and an infinitive as the object. The original Danish infinitive børe (cf. also Swedish böra) has been replaced by the past tense form burde…
çekim: geçmiş turė́jo · ortaç turė́jęs · ulaç tùrįs
köken: From Proto-Baltic *turētei, from Proto-Indo-European *turH-yé-ti, from Proto-Indo-European *twerH- (“to enclose, grab”). Cognate to Latvian turēt, Latin tueor, Old Church Slavonic творити (tvoriti).