to be allowed (to do something); to be permitted (to do something); may · to be allowed or permitted to do something implied or previously stated; may · expresses a prediction with mild doubt, that something is estimated or probable
çekim: geçmiş durfte · ortaç gedurft · şimdiki darf · ulaç dürfend
eş: können
köken: From Middle High German durfen, dürfen, from Old High German durfan, from Proto-West Germanic *þurban, cognate with Ancient Greek τέρπω (térpō, “I delight, please”), English tharf. See können for the origin of the historically unexpected umlaut.
Expresses an obligation or confident conjecture, equivalent to English must, have to, should, ought, etc.
köken: Inherited from Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾp̄ʾyt' /abāyēd/, “it is necessary, fitting; must”), Manichaean Middle Persian 𐫀𐫁𐫀𐫏𐫅 (ʾbʾyd). Originally the third-person singular present of the verb بایستن (bāyistan /bâyestan, “to be necessary”), hence etymologically "it is necessary". The original verb is now obsolete except in a few conjugations, of which باید (bāyad /bâyad, “should;…
must (+ infinitive) · should, ought to (+ infinitive) · have to (+ infinitive)
köken: Inherited from Middle Ukrainian повиненъ, повыненъ (povynen, povynen), from Old East Slavic повиньнъ (povinĭnŭ), the sense "obligated, ought" may have been reinforced by Old Polish powinien, as it was uncommon in Old East Slavic. By surface analysis, по (po) + вина́ (vyná) + -ен (-en). Cognate with Belarusian паві́нен (pavínjen), Polish powinien.
Forms the second-person singular subjunctive/imperative of verbs (indefinite conjugation). It is also part of all subjunctive/imperative suffixes in both indefinite and definite conjugations.
to owe something, to be under obligation to and for something · to be bound, in duty bound to do something; "ought", "must", "should" · to be owed, to be due (when in passive voice)
çekim: ortaç dēbitus · şimdiki dēbet · ulaç dēbēns
eş: cogo, decet, necesse est, oportet, opus est, par est
köken: Contraction of *dēhibeō, from dē- + habeō (“have”), though "I hold away (from someone)". See the same contraction in dēbilis. Compare the later formed dēhabeō.
aile: dēbitiō, dēbitor, dēbitrix, dēbitum
(passive voice of obligō only)
… nēmō sē iūdicet quicquam dēbēre quī tempus accēpit, cum interim hoc ūnum est quod nē grātus quidem potest reddere.
çekim: geçmiş burdet · ortaç burdet · ulaç burdende
köken: From Old Norse byrja (“to begin”), from Proto-Germanic *burjaną (“to lift”). Doublet of børje. The Old Norse verb is also construed with an infinitive subject in the sense "it is proper". In Modern Danish and Swedish, the verb has a personal subject and an infinitive as the object. The original Danish infinitive børe (cf. also Swedish böra) has been replaced by the past tense form burde…
çekim: geçmiş turė́jo · ortaç turė́jęs · ulaç tùrįs
köken: From Proto-Baltic *turētei, from Proto-Indo-European *turH-yé-ti, from Proto-Indo-European *twerH- (“to enclose, grab”). Cognate to Latvian turēt, Latin tueor, Old Church Slavonic творити (tvoriti).
köken: From Proto-Celtic *dligeti (compare Old Irish dligid (“be entitled to; deserve”)), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰlegʰ- (compare Gothic 𐌳𐌿𐌻𐌲𐍃 (dulgs, “debt”) and Old Church Slavonic длъгъ (dlŭgŭ, “debt”)).