cold (having a low temperature) · cool · cold (unfriendly, emotionally distant or unfeeling)
çekim: çoğul fríos
zıt: caliente, cálido
köken: This form derives from Old Spanish frio, from Latin frīgidus (“cold”) (by natural sound changes through a hypothetical intermediate early Ibero-Romance or proto-Spanish form *friyio), from frīgeō (“to be cold”), from frīgus (“cold, coldness”), from Proto-Indo-European *sríHgos. See also the variant Old Spanish form frido, which came instead from a Vulgar or Late Latin form fridus (attested in…
aile: a sangre fría, avefría, bala fría, cadena de frío, caer como un baldado de agua fría, cera fría, con la fría, de sangre fría, en frío, fiambre
köken: Inherited from Latin frīgidus (“cold”) (through a syncopated Vulgar Latin or Late Latin form frigdus, fricdus, attested in the Appendix Probi, or fridus, found in a Pompeian inscription), itself from frīgeō (“to be cold”), from frīgus (“cold, coldness”), from Proto-Indo-European *sríHgos. Doublet of frigido, a later borrowing.
köken: From Proto-Turkic *sogï-k (“cold”). Cognate with Old Turkic [script needed] (soγïq), Old Turkic [script needed] (soγuq, “cold”), Kazakh суық (suyq), Kyrgyz суук (suuk), Southern Altai соок (sook), Uyghur سوغۇق (soghuq) / соғуқ (soghuq), Uzbek sovuq, Tuvan соок (sook), Turkmen sowuk, Turkish soğuk (“cold”), etc.
köken: Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese frio, from Latin frīgidus (“cold”), from frīgeō (“to be cold”), from frigus (“cold, coldness”), from Proto-Indo-European *sriHgos-, *sriges-, *sriHges-. Compare Galician and Spanish frío, Asturian fríu, Catalan fred, Italian freddo. Doublet of frígido.
cold (ambient temperature, as a winter day is cold) · fearful · terrible; not funny
zıt: 暑い: hot
köken: From Early Middle Japanese adjective 寒(さむ)し (samushi), with the 終(しゅう)止(し)形(けい) (shūshikei, “predicative form”) ending in し (shi) first replaced with the 連(れん)体(たい)形(けい) (rentaikei, “attributive form”) ending in き (ki), and then with the medial /-k-/ falling out to result in an ending of い (i). Starting in at least the Muromachi period, this term became sporadically pronounced with a medial /b/…
köken: From Proto-Finnic *külmä (compare Estonian külm), probably from Proto-Finno-Permic *külmä (compare Ter Sami kallm, Erzya кельме (keľme), Eastern Mari кылме (kylme)), which is possibly an Indo-European borrowing (compare Pre-Baltic *gu̯el(u)mā, Pre-Balto-Slavic *gʷel(h₁)-mo-, both of which derive from Proto-Indo-European *gel-).
köken: Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 冷 (“cold”, SV: lãnh). Displaced native giá, which is now present only in compounds, such as giá lạnh and buốt giá.
cold, frosty, freezing, frozen (having very low temperature) · cold (relating to the feelings caused by low temperatures) · cold, uncomfortable, unpleasant
çekim: karşılaştırma saltāks · üstünlük vissaltākais
eş: auksts, vēss, dzestrs, svaigs, spirgts
zıt: karsts, silts
köken: From the stem of the verb salt (“to freeze”), of which it was the past participle. Cognates include Lithuanian šáltas, Old Prussian salta (< *salts).
cold (with low temperature, little heat or no heat at all) · reasonable, practical, considerate · without cordiality or warmth, unfeeling or indifferent
çekim: karşılaştırma külmem · üstünlük kõige külmem
köken: From Proto-Finnic *külmä. Cognates include Finnish kylmä and Ter Sami kallm.
köken: Cognate with Isan หนาว, Lao ໜາວ (nāo), Northern Thai ᩉ᩠ᨶᩣ᩠ᩅ (naaw¹), Khün ᩉ᩠ᨶᩣ᩠ᩅ (naaw¹), Lü ᦐᦱᧁ (ṅaaw), Tai Dam ꪘꪱꪫ (nao), Tai Dón ꪘꪱꪫ, Tai Daeng ꪘꪱꪫ, Shan ၼၢဝ် (nǎao), Tai Nüa ᥘᥣᥝᥴ (láaw) or ᥢᥣᥝᥴ (náaw), Ahom 𑜃𑜧 (naw) or 𑜓𑜧 (daw). Compare Sui hnol (“winter”) and Southern Kam nop (“cold”).
köken: Inherited from Latin frīgidus (“cold, cool, chilling”) (through a contracted Vulgar Latin or Late Latin form fridus, attested in a Pompeian inscription, or frigdus, fricdus, in the Appendix Probi; compare Occitan fred/freid/freg, French froid, Italian freddo, Spanish frío), from frīgeō, frīgēre (“be cold”).
aile: calfred, fredament, fredejar, fredolic, fredor, fredós, guerra freda, refredar
köken: From Old Irish úar, from Proto-Celtic *ougros (compare Welsh oer), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ewǵ- (compare Old Armenian ոյծ (oyc)). The initial f- of Modern Irish comes from a misinterpretation of uar as fhuar in lenition environments.