Used to form adjectives from nouns, describing having the property of, or similar properties to, the noun. · Used to form adjectives from verbs, describing frequently or currently performing the action.
köken: From Middle High German -haft, from Old High German haft, from Proto-West Germanic *haft, from Proto-Germanic *haftaz (“captured, afflicted”), from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂ptós, from the root *kap- (“to seize”). Cognates include Old English hæft (“captive”), Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍃 (hafts), Latin captus (“captured”), Old Irish cacht (“captive, chain”), Welsh caeth (“slave, captivity, chain”), Latin captīvus…
Masse (“mass”) + -haft → massenhaft (“en masse”)
Ernst (“earnestness”) + -haft → ernsthaft (“serious”)
suffix used to form noun (uppercase) demonyms · suffix used to form adjective (lowercase) demonyms · indicates the old oblique case (cas régime) of certain nouns
köken: Inherited from Middle French -ain, from Old French -ain, from Latin -ānus, whence also French -an and -ien.
Used to form adjectives from nouns or sometimes other adjectives, often relational (meaning "related to X"): -ian, -ic, -ish
köken: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *-iskos Proto-Balto-Slavic *-iškas Proto-Slavic *-ьskъ Old East Slavic -ьскъ (-ĭskŭ) Russian -ский Inherited from Old East Slavic -ьскъ (-ĭskŭ), from Proto-Slavic *-ьskъ.
köken: From Middle Dutch -achtig, partly from -haftig, which consists of -haft and -ig; and partly continuing Middle Dutch -echt, from Proto-Germanic *-ihtaz, *-ahtaz. The suffix -haft stems from Proto-Germanic *haftaz (“tied, captured”). Compare German -haft, -haftig and Danish -agtig.
-ese (forms nouns indicating a native of the place) · -ese (forms the names of languages spoken in a given place or by a given people)
köken: Etymology tree Latin -ēnsis Old Galician-Portuguese -es Portuguese -ês From Old Galician-Portuguese -es, from Latin -ēnsis. Compare the borrowed doublet -ense.
adjective-forming suffix denoting origin from a country/region/national group · adjective-forming suffix denoting relation or a specific member of a collective noun · adjective-forming suffix denoting a characteristic of an abstract noun
köken: When denoting origin/properties/collective nouns, inherited from Ancient Greek -ικός (-ikós). Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek -ικός (-ikós) under the semantic influence of Latin -icus when used for forming science/art-denoting nouns.
köken: Emphasis of earlier form ぽい (poi), in turn apparently an Edo-period shift from 多(おお)い (ōi, “many, much, lots of”), previously read and written as おほい (ohoi ← ofoi ← opoi).
köken: From Old Swedish -aktogher, borrowed from Middle Low German -achtig, from -haftich (see German -haft). Cognate to Danish -agtig, Dutch -achtig, German -haft.
köken: From earlier -hka-i, from a dialectal variant of -kka (-ka) + -i. The -h- may be from *-eh (see -e). The suffix has been compared to Erzya -шка (-ška) (comparative case suffix), likely from Proto-Mordvinic *-ža + *-ka.
nuori (“young”) + -hko → nuorehko (“youthful, relatively young”)
vanha (“old”) + -hko → vanhahko (“oldish, relatively old, elderly”)
köken: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *-iskos Proto-Balto-Slavic *-iškas Proto-Slavic *-ьskъ Old Czech -ský Czech -ský Inherited from Old Czech -ský, from Proto-Slavic *-ьskъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-iškas, from Proto-Indo-European *-iskos.
anděl + -ský → andělský
moře + -ský → mořský
Aristoteles (“Aristotle”) + -ský → aristotelský (“Aristotelian”)
-esque, -ish (used with a root to form adjectives)
köken: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *-iskos Proto-Germanic *-iskaz Proto-West Germanic *-iskbor. Latin -iscus Romanian -esc Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *-iskos Proto-Germanic *-iskaz Proto-West Germanic *-iskbor. Vulgar Latin -iscus Italian -escobor. French -esquebor. Romanian -esc Inherited from Late Latin or Vulgar Latin -iscus for older words and the common Romanian surname ending -escu,…
added to a noun · suffix for place · suffix for value
köken: From Malay -an, from Proto-Malayic *-an, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-an, from Proto-Austronesian *-an. False cognate of English -ant, -and, and Arabic ان (“adjective forming suffix”).
forms nouns and adjectives denoting things and characteristics of a city, region, or country, such as the people and the language or dialect they speak: -ese, -ish, -an, -ian, -ic, -ite
köken: From Old Galician-Portuguese -es, from Latin -ēnsis. Doublet of -ense.
Holanda (“Holland, the Netherlands”) + -és → holandés (“Dutch”)
forming adjectives; -ian, -al · forming personified nouns, with the meaning of a follower, profession or doer of something; -ist, -er · forming distributive numerals when affixed to cardinal numbers
köken: From Old Armenian -ական (-akan).
հորիզոն (horizon) + -ական (-akan) → հորիզոնական (horizonakan, “horizontal”)
Հայկ (Hayk) + -ական (-akan) → հայկական (haykakan, “Armenian”)