suffix used to form noun (uppercase) demonyms · suffix used to form adjective (lowercase) demonyms · indicates the old oblique case (cas régime) of certain nouns
köken: Inherited from Middle French -ain, from Old French -ain, from Latin -ānus, whence also French -an and -ien.
adjective-forming suffix denoting origin from a country/region/national group · adjective-forming suffix denoting relation or a specific member of a collective noun · adjective-forming suffix denoting a characteristic of an abstract noun
köken: When denoting origin/properties/collective nouns, inherited from Ancient Greek -ικός (-ikós). Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek -ικός (-ikós) under the semantic influence of Latin -icus when used for forming science/art-denoting nouns.
köken: Emphasis of earlier form ぽい (poi), in turn apparently an Edo-period shift from 多(おお)い (ōi, “many, much, lots of”), previously read and written as おほい (ohoi ← ofoi ← opoi).
köken: From Old Swedish -aktogher, borrowed from Middle Low German -achtig, from -haftich (see German -haft). Cognate to Danish -agtig, Dutch -achtig, German -haft.
köken: From earlier -hka-i, from a dialectal variant of -kka (-ka) + -i. The -h- may be from *-eh (see -e). The suffix has been compared to Erzya -шка (-ška) (comparative case suffix), likely from Proto-Mordvinic *-ža + *-ka.
nuori (“young”) + -hko → nuorehko (“youthful, relatively young”)
vanha (“old”) + -hko → vanhahko (“oldish, relatively old, elderly”)
köken: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *-iskos Proto-Balto-Slavic *-iškas Proto-Slavic *-ьskъ Old Czech -ský Czech -ský Inherited from Old Czech -ský, from Proto-Slavic *-ьskъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-iškas, from Proto-Indo-European *-iskos.
anděl + -ský → andělský
moře + -ský → mořský
Aristoteles (“Aristotle”) + -ský → aristotelský (“Aristotelian”)
-esque, -ish (used with a root to form adjectives)
köken: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *-iskos Proto-Germanic *-iskaz Proto-West Germanic *-iskbor. Latin -iscus Romanian -esc Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *-iskos Proto-Germanic *-iskaz Proto-West Germanic *-iskbor. Vulgar Latin -iscus Italian -escobor. French -esquebor. Romanian -esc Inherited from Late Latin or Vulgar Latin -iscus for older words and the common Romanian surname ending -escu,…
Added to a noun to form an adjective meaning "having something, a quality"; sometimes referred to as ornative. · Added to a noun to form an occupation or a collective noun. · Added to an ordinal number to form a digit or figure, cf. the relevant template.
haj (“hair”) + -as → hajas (“covered with hair”)
fazék (“pot”) + -as → fazekas (“potter”)
három (“three”) + -as → hármas (“the digit or figure 3”)
köken: Etymology tree Ancient Greek -ο- (-o-)der. Latin -o- Proto-Indo-European *weyd- Proto-Indo-European *-os Proto-Indo-European *wéydos Proto-Hellenic *wéidos Ancient Greek εἶδος (eîdos) Proto-Indo-European *-os Proto-Indo-European *-ēs Ancient Greek -ης (-ēs) Ancient Greek -ειδής (-eidḗs) Latin -oīdēs From -o- + Ancient Greek -ειδής (-eidḗs, “-oid, -like”).
added to a noun · suffix for place · suffix for value
köken: From Malay -an, from Proto-Malayic *-an, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-an, from Proto-Austronesian *-an. False cognate of English -ant, -and, and Arabic ان (“adjective forming suffix”).
forms nouns and adjectives denoting things and characteristics of a city, region, or country, such as the people and the language or dialect they speak: -ese, -ish, -an, -ian, -ic, -ite
köken: From Old Galician-Portuguese -es, from Latin -ēnsis. Doublet of -ense.
Holanda (“Holland, the Netherlands”) + -és → holandés (“Dutch”)
köken: From Old Norse -ligr (“-ly”). Cognate with Swedish -lig, Faroese -ligur, Norwegian Nynorsk -leg, Danish -lig and Norwegian Bokmål -lig.
Etimoloji
From Middle Dutch -achtig, partly from -haftig, which consists of -haft and -ig; and partly continuing Middle Dutch -echt, from Proto-Germanic *-ihtaz, *-ahtaz. The suffix -haft stems from Proto-Germanic *haftaz (“tied, captured”). Compare German -haft, -haftig and Danish -agtig.