köken: From Middle High German -heit, from Old High German -heit, from Proto-West Germanic *-haidu, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *haiduz (“personality, character, manner, way”). Cognate with Dutch -heid, English -hood, Danish -hed.
Suffix forming abstract nouns from adjectives. A less productive alternative to -ость (-ostʹ), except after щ, where it is the regular suffix. · Suffix forming nouns with the meaning of a group of things characterized by the quality designated by the adjectives from which the nouns are formed. · Suffix forming nouns of various sorts from miscellaneous parts of speech.
köken: Probably originated from the suffix -ость (-ostʹ) added to words ending in -ный (-nyj), and was then extracted by rebracketing as a productive suffix. The same thing happened with e.g. -тельный (-telʹnyj) and English -ness.
гото́вый (gotóvyj, “ready”) → гото́вность (gotóvnostʹ, “readiness”) (no such word *гото́вный exists, making it a special case.)
о́бщий (óbščij, “general, common”) → о́бщность (óbščnostʹ, “generality, community”) (no such word *о́бщный exists)
used to derive abstract nouns from adjectives; -ness, -hood, -ship, -dom, -ity · used to derive abstract nouns from nouns; -ship · used to derive nouns denoting work/jobs from nouns denoting professions
köken: From Proto-Turkic *-lik. Cognate with Turkish -lik (“-ness”).
-ness, -ity, -hood; forms nouns from adjectives, denoting the abstract quality of the adjective.
köken: From Middle Dutch -heit, from Old Dutch -heit, from Proto-West Germanic *-haidu, from Proto-Germanic *haiduz. Cognate with German -heit, English -hood.
Added to an adjective or rarely, another noun, to create an abstract noun; -ity, -ty, -ness, -cy, -ion
köken: * From Ancient Greek -τητᾰ (-tētă), the accusative form of -της (-tēs). * In post-Classical and Modern Greek, inherited formations in -της (-tēs) were reanalyzed as containing a productive abstract-noun suffix -ότητα (-ótēta); e.g. ἰδιότης (idiótēs) → ἰδιότητα (idiótita).
Productive suffix giving an adjective a nounal meaning; -ness, -ity
köken: From Old Swedish -het, which is borrowed from Middle Low German -heit, from Proto-Germanic *haiduz. Cognate with Danish -hed, German -heit, Dutch -heid, English -hood.
appended to adjectives to form names of abstract concepts, especially feelings; -ness, -hood
eş: -ota
köken: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *-Hostis Proto-Balto-Slavic *-astis Proto-Slavic *-ostь Old Polish -ość Polish -ość Inherited from Old Polish -ość. Doublet of -oza.
-hood, -ness, -ity (suffix appended to words to create a feminine noun, usually an abstract noun denoting a relation, social status, scientific discipline, quality or state).
köken: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *-Hostis Proto-Balto-Slavic *-astis Proto-Slavic *-ostь Old East Slavic -ость (-ostĭ) Old Ruthenian -ость (-ostʹ) Ukrainian -ість Inherited from Old Ruthenian -ость (-ostʹ), from Old East Slavic -ость (-ostĭ), from Proto-Slavic *-ostь.
suffix forming feminine equivalents from masculine nouns · suffix forming diminutive nouns from masculine nouns
köken: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-Iranian *i- Proto-Indo-European *-kos Proto-Indo-Iranian *-kas Proto-Indo-Iranian *-ikas Sanskrit -इक (-ika) Sanskrit -इका (-ikā) Prakrit -इया (-iyā) ▲ Sanskrit -ई (-ī)influ. Hindi -ई Inherited from Old Hindi -ई (-ī), from Prakrit -इया (-iyā), -ई (-ī), from Sanskrit -इका (-ikā), -ई (-ī) and also influenced by Sanskrit -ई (-ī). Doublet of -इका (-ikā). See -इयाँ (-iyā̃),…
Used to form abstract nouns from adjectives; function is similar to -ty and -ness.
köken: From Old Danish -het, from Middle Low German -heit, from Old Saxon -hēd. Cognate with Norwegian -het, Swedish -het, German -heit, Dutch -heid and English -hood.
-ness; appended to adjectives to form nouns meaning "the state of (the adjective)", "the quality of (the adjective)", or "the measure of (the adjective)" · -ship; appended to a noun to form a new noun denoting a property or state of being, time spent in a role, or a specialised union. · -dom; Forming nouns denoting the domain or jurisdiction of the suffixed word.
köken: Inherited from Malay ke- -an, from Proto-Malayic *kə- -an, from Proto-Austronesian *ka- -an. Semantic loan from Javanese ꦏ- -ꦲꦤ꧀ (ka- -han) for sense of too [base] or exceed.
Suffix appended to words to create a neuter noun, usually an abstract noun denoting a relation, social status, scientific discipline, craft, quality or a state; equivalent to English -hood, -ness or -craft.
köken: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *-tusder. Proto-Slavic *-ьstvo Old Church Slavonic -ьство (-ĭstvo) Bulgarian -ство Inherited from Old Church Slavonic -ьство (-ĭstvo), from Proto-Slavic *-ьstvo.