nominative masculine singular definite article, the
köken: From Middle High German dër, from Old High German dër, replacing the original masculine and feminine nominative forms from Proto-Germanic *sa, by analogy with the adjective inflection. Compare also Old Dutch thie and Old English sē where the same process occurred.
that; referring to a thing or a person further away. · those; referring to things or people further away. · a certain, a particular; some; this; referring to a thing or a person invisible or unknown to the audience.
eş: dat
köken: From Middle Dutch die, a merger of Old Dutch thie, thē, thia, thiu and similar forms of the demonstrative. As in Old High German ther, der it replaced the original masculine and feminine nominative forms from Proto-Germanic *sa.
distal demonstrative, something far off removed from both speaker and listener: that, yon · that one we both know (both the speaker and the addressee know) · third-person personal pronoun: he, she, that person
köken: From older kare → are. Compound of あ (a, “that, yon”) + れ (-re, nominalizing suffix for demonstratives).
köken: From Proto-Finnic *too, from Proto-Uralic *to (compare Erzya тона (tona), Hungarian tova). Attested since the time of Mikael Agricola (output c. 1543–1552), but only once in all of Agricola's works (for comparison, tämä is attested nearly two thousand times and se over ten thousand times).
köken: The pronoun and determiner senses probably derive from an earlier a + a pronoun-forming suffix -z, where the former element originates from Proto-Uralic *o or *u (“that, that other”). Its cognates include Moksha омба (omba, “other”), омбоце (omboce, “second”), Eastern Mari умбал (umbal, “far, distant”), Udmurt отын (otyn, “there”) and Komi-Zyrian ата (ata, “here”), асы (asy, “look here”). The…
köken: Inherited from Proto-Dravidian *a-tu (“that thing”), equivalent to அ- (a-, distal pronominal base) + -து (-tu). Cognate with Kannada ಅದು (adu), Malayalam അത് (atŭ), Telugu అది (adi).