nowadays the most common suffix to create a diminutive form
köken: From Middle High German -echen, -ichen, from Old High German *-ihīn, *-uhīn, from Proto-West Germanic *-ukīn. Native to the Central German dialects, -chen has widely replaced the southern-based -lein in standard usage. Cognate with German Low German -ken, -ke as well as Dutch -tje and -ken. More at -kin.
forms nouns, from adjectives, denoting states, conditions and qualities; -ness; -ity; -y; -hood · forms the names of medical conditions; -y; -ia · forms the names of offices or jobs; -ship
köken: From Old Swedish -aktogher, borrowed from Middle Low German -achtig, from -haftich (see German -haft). Cognate to Danish -agtig, Dutch -achtig, German -haft.
Creates adjectives: · Creates adjectives indicating a material of which something is made: -en · Creates adjectives from present active participles, indicating a tendency to be/do something.
köken: From Proto-Finnic *-inën. Originally also had the variant -nen, but in the standard language, the two variants have been made distinct by giving them different uses.
Added to a noun to form an adjective meaning "having something, a quality"; sometimes referred to as ornative. · Added to a noun to form an occupation or a collective noun. · Added to an ordinal number to form a digit or figure, cf. the relevant template.
haj (“hair”) + -as → hajas (“covered with hair”)
fazék (“pot”) + -as → fazekas (“potter”)
három (“three”) + -as → hármas (“the digit or figure 3”)
köken: From substantivisation of the feminine of the adjectival suffix -ius, from Proto-Italic *-(i)jos. Compare -ium as a noun-forming suffix. Occasionally from Ancient Greek -ίᾱ (-íā), -ία (-ía) and -εια (-eia), and so ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂.
Forms nouns from other nouns and adjectives with the sense of ‘person or thing connected or involved with, belonging to, having’. · Forms adjectives from other nouns and adjectives with the sense of ‘connected or involved with, belonging to, having’.
köken: From Old Irish -ach, from Proto-Celtic *-ākos, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂kos, *-eh₂ḱos, from a-stem suffix *-eh₂ + adjectival suffix *-kos, *-ḱos; compare Welsh -og. Doublet of -óg.
aile: -achán, -achas
Éire (“Ireland”) + -ach → Éireannach (“Irish (person)”)
An adjectival suffix appended to various words, often nouns, to make an adjective form denoting origination or having a quality: -an, -ic · A surname suffix in the northern (mountainous) part of Georgia
გმირი (gmiri, “hero”) + -ული (-uli) → გმირული (gmiruli, “heroic”)
არაბი (arabi, “Arab”) + -ული (-uli) → არაბული (arabuli, “Arabic”)
ადმინისტრაცია (adminisṭracia, “administration”) + -ული (-uli) → ადმინისტრაციული (adminisṭraciuli, “administrative”)
köken: Etymology tree Proto-Austronesian *ma- Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ma- Tagalog ma- Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ma-, from Proto-Austronesian *ma- (stative prefix). See also may (existential marker).
ma- + linis (“cleanliness”) → malinis (“clean”)
ma- + ligo (“bath”) → maligo (“to take a bath; to bathe”)
köken: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *-tós Proto-Italic *-tosder.? Late Latin -ittus Old French -et Middle French -et French -etbor. ▲ Late Latin -ittus Italian -ettobor. Esperanto -et- Borrowed from French -et, -ette and Italian -etto, -etta, ultimately from Latin -ittus.
forms adjectives from nouns. · -er (one who does or makes)
köken: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-Iranian *i- Proto-Indo-European *-kos Proto-Indo-Iranian *-kas Proto-Indo-Iranian *-ikas Sanskrit -इक Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *-ikas, from i-stem *i- + *-kas, from Proto-Indo-European *-kos. Compare Ancient Greek -ικός (-ikós), Latin -icus (both whence English -ic), Old English -iġ (whence English -y), and Old Church Slavonic -ъкъ (-ŭkŭ).