köken: Inherited from Byzantine Greek πονηριά (ponēriá), from Ancient Greek πονηρία (ponēría, “knavery, mischief”), with synizesis. By surface analysis, πονηρ(ός) (ponir(ós)) + -ιά (-iá)
(by) craft, cunning, guile (with a positive or negative connotation) · tricks, stratagems
çekim: çoğul ā̆stūs · tamlayan ā̆stūs
eş: dolus, calliditās
köken: Of uncertain origin. Suggestions include: * from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd-*sth₂u- (“a standing by”), from *steh₂-, thus formed to astō (“to stand by”) like the verb praestō to the adverb of the same form, with a by-form praestū. In this case the full nominal declension is secondary; * from Ancient Greek ἄστυ (ástu), from the common characterization of city-dwellers as more intelligent, also seen…