forms the present perfect and past perfect tenses of certain verbs · As a copulative verb: · Used to indicate dates, times of day, time periods, etc., be
çekim: geçmiş war · ortaç gewesen · şimdiki ist · ulaç seiend
eş: befinden, anwesend, bestehen, leben
köken: Inherited from Middle High German sīn, from Old High German sīn (“to be”), see Proto-Germanic *wesaną (“to be”) (suppleted with *beuną (“to be, exist, become”)), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- (“to be, exist”). Cognate with Dutch zijn (“to be”), Low German sien (“to be”).
aile: an sein, auf sein, aus sein, da sein, Dasein, Glücklichsein, weg sein, zu sein
to do · to make · to say (of a person), to go (of an animal or device)
çekim: geçmiş fait · ortaç fait · şimdiki fait · ulaç faisant
köken: From Middle French faire, from Old French faire, from Latin facere. The past historic and imperfect subjunctive stem fi- (fis, fis, fit...) originated in the Latin form fēcī, with metaphony (*/ˈfed͡zi/ > */ˈfit͡s/).
aile: à Rome, fais comme les Romains, autant que faire se peut, avoir fait son temps, avoir fort à faire, bien fait, ça commence à bien faire, ça ne fait rien, ce faisant, ce qui est fait est fait, cela fait zir
to be, to exist · Used to connect a noun to an adjective that describes it. · Used to form the perfect tense of the active voice of some verbs, together with a past participle.
çekim: geçmiş waren · ortaç geweest · şimdiki is · ulaç zijnd
eş: wezen, bennen
köken: From Middle Dutch sijn, from Old Dutch sīn. The infinitive zijn along with the words is and zij (present indicative and subjunctive) derive ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- (“to be”), which had no separate infinitive in Germanic. The modern infinitive was probably back-formed in late Old Dutch from the first-person plural subjunctive sīn (“we be”), since this form had become identical…
to be (indicates location in space) · to be (denotes a transient quality; a quality expected to change) · to be; forms the progressive aspect
çekim: geçmiş estive · ortaç estado · şimdiki está
köken: From Old Galician-Portuguese estar, from Latin stāre (“stand”). The stems estev- or estiv- found in some inflections likely come from Vulgar Latin *stēvī (perfect in -ēv-, used by some Latin second conjugation verbs), hypothetical perfect stem that displaced original Classical Latin perfect stetī. Compare the same development in Spanish estar. The present subjunctive stem estej- is by analogy…
aile: está bem, estar a fim, estar fora de si, estar frito, estar para, estar para nascer, estar por, estar por dentro, estar por fora, não estar com nada
köken: Inherited from Old Swedish vara, væra from Old Norse vera, earlier vesa, from Proto-Germanic *wesaną. Cognate with Danish være, Icelandic vera, Norwegian være.
to be (indicates sameness or membership in a class) · to be (auxilary verb used for predication) · forms the future tense of imperfective verbs
çekim: geçmiş byłem · şimdiki jest
eş: istnieć, znajdować się
zıt: nie ma
köken: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- Proto-Indo-European *bʰúHt Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti Proto-Balto-Slavic *bū́ˀtei Proto-Slavic *byti Old Polish być Polish być Inherited from Old Polish być.
aile: zbyteczny, nabytek, pobyt, przybytek, ubytek, zbytek, być w błędzie, dobyć, dobywać, nabyć
to be (indicating that the subject and the complement of the verb form the same thing, or that the complement describes the subject) · to be (occupy a place, possibly abstractly for an action) · to be, constitute, make up, form
çekim: geçmiş ollut · şimdiki on · ulaç oleva
köken: Most forms derive from Proto-Finnic *oldak (compare Estonian olema), from Proto-Uralic *wole- / *ole- (compare Moksha улемс (ulems), Eastern Mari улаш (ulaš), Udmurt вань (vań), Northern Khanty вөԓты (wøłty), Hungarian van, volt, and possibly Tundra Nenets ӈэсь (ŋesʹ°)); see the Proto-Uralic entry for more. The forms on and ovat are irregular, with cognates found throughout Finnic, including…
to be · to feel (to experience a certain condition) · to be it in a game of tag
çekim: geçmiş fost · ortaç fost · şimdiki este
köken: Inherited from Latin sum. The citation form and the f- conjugations come from Vulgar Latin *fīre < Latin fierī (“become”). Compare Aromanian hiu.
köken: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- Proto-Indo-European *bʰúHt Proto-Italic *ezom~*som Old Latin 𐌄𐌔𐌏𐌌 (esom) Old Latin esum Latin sum From Proto-Italic *som~*ezom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti (“be”) + *bʰúHt (“become”). From the latter of the two derive all the /f-/ forms of Latin sum (including fore), the separate verb fīō…
aile: absum, adsum, coest, dēsum, ēns, essendus, essentia, id est, īnsum, intersum
to be (expresses identity between the subject and a predicative) · to be, exist (with an adverbial phrase and/or the dummy subject der) · to be (in cleft sentences emphasizing a noun phrase, with the dummy subject det and a relative clause)
çekim: geçmiş var · ortaç været · ulaç værende
köken: All forms except the present are from Old Danish wæræ, waræ, from Old Norse vera, vesa, from Proto-Germanic *wesaną (“to be”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wes- (“to dwell, live, reside”). The present tense is derived from a different root: Proto-Germanic *izum, *izud, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- (“to be”), which is also the origin of English is, are, Latin sum, and German ist. In…
to be · there be (there is, there are etc.) · Used with yn to form various tenses with progressive or stative meaning
çekim: geçmiş buwyd · şimdiki mae
köken: From Middle Welsh bot, from Proto-Brythonic *bod, from Proto-Celtic *butā (cf. Cornish bos, Breton bout), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- (“to be, become”); all the b- initial forms are from the same root. The vowel-initial forms as well as sy(dd) are from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- (“to be”). The present-progressive forms with yd- (ydwyf, etc.), and hence the colloquial present-affirmative forms…
köken: From Old Irish bí. The present indicative independent affirmative analytic form is from Old Irish at·tá, from Proto-Celtic *ad-tāyeti (compare Welsh taw (“there is”)), from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“stand”). The present dependent is from Old Irish fuil, eventually from Proto-Celtic *weleti "to see", while the past dependent and subjunctive is from roib, an augmented ro-form of at·tá.
köken: From Old Norse vera, earlier vesa, from Proto-Germanic *wesaną. Cognate with Danish være, Norwegian Bokmål være, Norwegian Nynorsk vera, and Swedish vara.
aile: ber er hver að baki, betri er krókur en kelda, eins og komið er, eins og kunnugt er, eins og um var talað, eins og vant er, ekki er allt gull sem glóir, hvað er þetta á ensku?, maður er manns gaman, mér er flökurt
çekim: geçmiş estis · ortaç estinta · ulaç estanta
köken: Borrowed from French est and Italian essere. Learned borrowing from Latin est and Ancient Greek ἐστί (estí). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti. Cognate with Yiddish איז (iz), English is, Russian есть (jestʹ), Polish jestem.