separate (not included in or directly connected to the object being discussed) · special, specially made
eş: eigens
köken: Borrowed from Latin extrā, see also the similarly borrowed prefix extra-. Pfeifer speculates that the standalone usage with the sense of "separate" arises out of phrases like extrā ōrdinem (“out of the ordinary”) which occurs in 16th century German chancellary texts.
namely · Used to indicate that a statement explains an earlier one. · especially, in particular
köken: Inherited from Middle Dutch namelike (adverb) and namelijc (adjective). Equivalent to naam + -e- + -lijk. Compare German nämlich and English namely
Franske is eten gaan kopen. Ik had dat namelijk gevraagd.
specifically, namely, that is to say · i.e., namely, in other words · so, therefore
köken: Inherited from Ancient Greek δηλαδή (dēladḗ), univerbation of δῆλά δη (dêlá dē), from δῆλᾰ (dêlă, “neuter plural of δῆλος (dêlos, “visible, manifest”)”) + δή (dḗ, “truly, exactly”).
Η χώρα μας, δηλαδή η Ελλάδα.
Τα αλκάνια είναι κορεσμένοι αλειφατικοί (δηλαδή μη κυκλικοί) υδρογονάνθρακες.
clarifying or connective particle; as in, in other words, i.e., or, that is to say · synonym of czy
eş: to znaczy, to jest, innymi słowy
köken: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *kʷ- Proto-Indo-European *kʷí- Proto-Indo-European *-h₁ Proto-Indo-European *kʷíh₁ Proto-Slavic *či Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-der. Proto-Balto-Slavic *lei Proto-Slavic *li univ. Proto-Slavic *či li Old Polish czyli Polish czyli Inherited from Old Polish czyli. By surface analysis, univerbation of czy + li.
Kupiłem książkę o Bolesławie I Chrobrym, czyli pierwszym królu Polski.
that is, that is to say · namely, viz. · because, as
köken: Presumably from Danish nemlig, through Middle Low German nemlik. Cognate with Saterland Frisian nämmelk, West Frisian nammentlik, Dutch namelijk, German Low German nämlich, German nämlich, Danish nemlig, Swedish nämligen, English namely.