köken: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *-iskos Proto-Germanic *-iskaz Proto-West Germanic *-iskbor. Vulgar Latin -iscus Italian -escobor. French -esque Borrowed from Italian -esco. Doublet of -ais and -ois.
forms adjectives (sometimes used as nouns) that indicate relationship, membership, quality
köken: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *-iskos Proto-Germanic *-iskaz Proto-West Germanic *-iskbor. Vulgar Latin -iscus Italian -esco From Late Latin, Vulgar Latin -iscus. Cognates: see Proto-Germanic *-iskaz.
Used to form adjectives from nouns or sometimes other adjectives, often relational (meaning "related to X"): -ian, -ic, -ish
köken: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *-iskos Proto-Balto-Slavic *-iškas Proto-Slavic *-ьskъ Old East Slavic -ьскъ (-ĭskŭ) Russian -ский Inherited from Old East Slavic -ьскъ (-ĭskŭ), from Proto-Slavic *-ьskъ.
adjective-forming suffix denoting origin from a country/region/national group · adjective-forming suffix denoting relation or a specific member of a collective noun · adjective-forming suffix denoting a characteristic of an abstract noun
köken: When denoting origin/properties/collective nouns, inherited from Ancient Greek -ικός (-ikós). Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek -ικός (-ikós) under the semantic influence of Latin -icus when used for forming science/art-denoting nouns.
köken: Emphasis of earlier form ぽい (poi), in turn apparently an Edo-period shift from 多(おお)い (ōi, “many, much, lots of”), previously read and written as おほい (ohoi ← ofoi ← opoi).
köken: From Old Swedish -aktogher, borrowed from Middle Low German -achtig, from -haftich (see German -haft). Cognate to Danish -agtig, Dutch -achtig, German -haft.
Creates adjectives: · Creates adjectives indicating a material of which something is made: -en · Creates adjectives from present active participles, indicating a tendency to be/do something.
köken: From Proto-Finnic *-inën. Originally also had the variant -nen, but in the standard language, the two variants have been made distinct by giving them different uses.
-esque, -ish (used with a root to form adjectives)
köken: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *-iskos Proto-Germanic *-iskaz Proto-West Germanic *-iskbor. Latin -iscus Romanian -esc Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *-iskos Proto-Germanic *-iskaz Proto-West Germanic *-iskbor. Vulgar Latin -iscus Italian -escobor. French -esquebor. Romanian -esc Inherited from Late Latin or Vulgar Latin -iscus for older words and the common Romanian surname ending -escu,…
Added to proper nouns, certain common nouns and postpositions to form adjectives: · names of people (anthroponyms, thus eponyms) · certain common nouns
eş: -beli
köken: Developed from earlier -é, the lative case suffix. Attested since 1193.
of or pertaining to; belonging to; derived from; connected with: -ic, -ish · used to form some substantivized nouns from other nouns
eş: -ānus, -ēnsis
köken: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *-ikos Proto-Italic *-ikos Latin -icus From i-stem + -cus, occurring in some original cases and later used freely. Cognate with Ancient Greek -ικός (-ikós), Proto-Germanic *-igaz (Old High German and Old English -ig, Gothic -𐌴𐌹𐌲𐍃 (-eigs)), Sanskrit -इक (-ika), Proto-Slavic *-ьcь.
aile: -āticus, -ticus
cīvis (“citizen”) + -icus → cīvicus (“civic; pertaining to citizens”)
Gallus (“a Gaul; Gallic”) + -icus → gallicus (“of or pertaining to Gaul or the Gauls; Gallic, Gaulish”)
bellum (“war”) + -icus → bellicus (“of war; military; warlike”)
köken: From English -ic, from Old French -ique, from Latin -icus, from Proto-Indo-European *-kos, *-ḱos, formed with the i-stem suffix *-i- and the adjectival suffix *-kos, *-ḱos.
An adjectival suffix appended to various words, often nouns, to make an adjective form denoting origination or having a quality: -an, -ic · A surname suffix in the northern (mountainous) part of Georgia
გმირი (gmiri, “hero”) + -ული (-uli) → გმირული (gmiruli, “heroic”)
არაბი (arabi, “Arab”) + -ული (-uli) → არაბული (arabuli, “Arabic”)
ადმინისტრაცია (adminisṭracia, “administration”) + -ული (-uli) → ადმინისტრაციული (adminisṭraciuli, “administrative”)
köken: Borrowed from English -ic, from Old French -ique, from Latin -icus, from Proto-Indo-European *-kos, *-ḱos, formed with the i-stem suffix *-i- and the adjectival suffix *-kos, *-ḱos.
Related to, in the manner of, of. Ending for all adjectives in Esperanto. · Belonging to, of. Ending for all possessive pronouns in Esperanto. · Used to form the ordinal numeral.
köken: From feminine singular adjectives (and nouns) of the Romance languages, such as French ma, Italian mia, Spanish mía, fría.
-ic, -ory, -ian; Used to create adjectives from nouns, primarily of Latin and Greek origin · -ly, -like; Used to create adverbs from nouns, primarily of Latin and Greek origin
köken: Inherited from Dutch -isch, from German -isch.