Forms agent nouns etc. from verbs, suffixed to the verb stem. · Forms instance nouns from verbs. · Indicates something defined by a number; in the plural often all numbers with the same first digits
köken: From Middle High German -ære, -er, from Old High German -āri, from Proto-West Germanic *-ārī, from Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz, further etymology unknown but possibly from Latin -ārius.
forms the first-person and second-person singular imperfect indicative form of a verb
eş: -ain, -ien, -itain
köken: From Middle French -ois, from conflation of Latin -ēbās and -iēbas — second, third, and fourth conjugation variants of -bās, later generalized to all verbs.
Je regardais la télé pendant que tu parlais au téléphone.
used with a stem to form the third-person plural present tense of regular -are verbs · used with a stem to form the third-person plural present subjunctive of regular -ere and -ire verbs · used with a stem to form the third-person imperative of regular -ere and those -ire verbs that do not take -isc
köken: Inherited from Latin -ant.
America (“America”) + -ano → americano (“American”)
adjective-forming suffix denoting origin from a country/region/national group · adjective-forming suffix denoting relation or a specific member of a collective noun · adjective-forming suffix denoting a characteristic of an abstract noun
köken: When denoting origin/properties/collective nouns, inherited from Ancient Greek -ικός (-ikós). Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek -ικός (-ikós) under the semantic influence of Latin -icus when used for forming science/art-denoting nouns.
Used to form adjectives, often from nouns; -ish, -y, of -'s (double genitive).
köken: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *-iskos Proto-Balto-Slavic *-iškas Proto-Slavic *-ьskъ Ukrainian -ський Inherited from Old Ruthenian -ский (-skij), from Old East Slavic -ьскъ (-ĭskŭ), from Proto-Slavic *-ьskъ. Cognate with Russian -ский (-skij), Belarusian -скі (-ski), Polish -ski, Czech -ský.
Combined with a place name, forms the noun for the inhabitant of a place; or an adjective meaning "of or relating to (the place)". · Combined with a name, forms an adjective for a member of an organization or other defined group, a follower of philosophy etc. · Combined with a common noun, forms nouns for people characterized by this noun.
köken: From Proto-Finnic *-lainën; equivalent to -la (toponym suffix) + -inen. Cognate with Estonian -lane, Veps -laine. Attested since at least the Bible translation of 1548, which uses it in Mark 7.26 (Grekilainen) and Luke 4.27 (Syrialainen), among other places.
Viro (“Estonia”) + -lainen → virolainen (“Estonian”)
Savo (“Savonia”) + -lainen → savolainen (“Savonian”)
German Hegel + -lainen → hegeliläinen (“Hegelian”)
Added to proper nouns, certain common nouns and postpositions to form adjectives: · names of people (anthroponyms, thus eponyms) · certain common nouns
eş: -beli
köken: Developed from earlier -é, the lative case suffix. Attested since 1193.
köken: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *-iskos Proto-Balto-Slavic *-iškas Proto-Slavic *-ьskъ Old Church Slavonic -ьскъ (-ĭskŭ) Bulgarian -ски Inherited from Old Church Slavonic -ьскъ (-ĭskŭ), from Proto-Slavic *-ьskъ.
suffix used to form relational adjectives (expressing belonging, affiliation, or origin) from nouns (persons, animals, things, or places) · suffix used to express a relationship of belonging in the narrow sense of the word; formed from personal possessive adjectives ending in -ov and -in · suffix used to form qualitative adjectives (often gradable) expressing a characteristic property
köken: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *-iskos Proto-Balto-Slavic *-iškas Proto-Slavic *-ьskъ Slovak -ský Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ьskъ.
muž (“man”) + -ský → mužský (“masculine; male”)
kôň (“horse”) + -ský → konský (“equine”)
hory (“mountains”) + -ský → horský (“mountainous”)
forms nouns and adjectives denoting things and characteristics of a city, region, or country, such as the people and the language or dialect they speak: -ese, -ish, -an, -ian, -ic, -ite
köken: From Old Galician-Portuguese -es, from Latin -ēnsis. Doublet of -ense.
Holanda (“Holland, the Netherlands”) + -és → holandés (“Dutch”)
Forms nouns from other nouns and adjectives with the sense of ‘person or thing connected or involved with, belonging to, having’. · Forms adjectives from other nouns and adjectives with the sense of ‘connected or involved with, belonging to, having’.
köken: From Old Irish -ach, from Proto-Celtic *-ākos, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂kos, *-eh₂ḱos, from a-stem suffix *-eh₂ + adjectival suffix *-kos, *-ḱos; compare Welsh -og. Doublet of -óg.
aile: -achán, -achas
Éire (“Ireland”) + -ach → Éireannach (“Irish (person)”)