until · to (used together with depuis to indicate a time range) · up to
aile: jusqu'au, jusqu'auquel, jusqu'aux, jusqu'auxquelles, jusqu'auxquels, jusqu'à ce que, jusqu'à nouvel ordre, jusqu'à pas d'heure, jusqu'à tant que, jusqu'au bout
köken: Inherited from Old Spanish fasta, and of ultimate uncertain origin. Commonly proposed etymologies are Arabic حَتَّى (ḥattā, “until”) and Latin ad ista (“to this”). According to Coromines & Pascual (1980:323-324), fasta is first attested with certainty in the 13th century (dubiously earlier since 1074), with variants fata (att. 1098 as hata, Auto de Reyes Magos), adte (att. 1050, very rare), ata…
to, up to · until · ellipsis of u spreekt tot... (“you are speaking to...”) Used to answer a telephone call, followed by one's name or the name of one's company or institution
köken: From Middle Dutch tot, tōte, from Old Dutch tote, toti (“to, until”), equivalent to toe + te. Compare Old Saxon tōte (“to, until”), Old Frisian tot (“until”), Old High German zuo ze.
aile: tot aan, tot dan toe, tot dusver, tot en met, tot heden, tot in den treure, tot in lengte van dagen, tot nader orde, tot nu toe, tot op
Gaat een telefoon over ergens in Paramaribo. "Ja, halloo tot Rabin."
until (up to the time of something happening) · by (at some point before the given time) · to (all the way to a place)
eş: inté
köken: Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese até, ata of uncertain origin. Possibly from Arabic حَتَّى (ḥattā), Latin ad ista (“to this”) or Latin ad tenus (“as far as”) (>"ad tenes"), which explain the large number of mediaeval variants (atrõe, atée, atrõo, attaa, atẽe, atães, tẽe and so on). However, considering the rarity of tenus, possibly from Latin intrā. Compare Spanish hasta, Leonese ata,…
aile: até a próxima, até breve, até já, até mais, até mais ver, até mesmo, até parece, até que, até-logo
A aula dura até às dez horas.
Das duas uma, ou eu parava e me deixava ser capturado, ou eu continuava fugindo até encontrar algum buraco para me esconder.
toward, to · up to (indicating direction upwards) · near, by, close by, at, to (indicating location)
köken: From Proto-Italic *ad, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd (“near, at”). Cognates include English at. The accusative is from the hypothesized pre-PIE allative (or 'directional'), which merged with the accusative case in Proto-Italic.
aile: ad absurdum, ad amussim, ad arma, ad astra, ad hoc, ad hominem, ad infinitum, ad kalendas Graecas, ad libitum, ad nauseam
Fugere ad puppim collēs campīque videntur.
Meridie umbrae cadunt ad septentrionem, ortu vero ad occasum.