köken: Etymology tree Latin nōn Old French ne Middle French ne French nebor. Polish niebor. Proto-Balto-Slavic *ne Proto-Slavic *ne Russian не (ne)bor. Esperanto ne Esperanto ne- Esperanto perforto Esperanto neperforto From ne- + perforto.
köken: From Proto-Indo-Iranian *HáštraH (“whip, goad”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵ-tro-m (“instrument of propelling”), from *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬀𐬱𐬙𐬭𐬁 (aštrā, “whip”), Middle Persian [script needed] (ʾštl /aštar/, “whip”). Compare also Hungarian ostor (“whip”), an Indo-Iranian borrowing.